se it is based on the letter and spirit of the
Constitution.

In like manner, when the Church issues a new dogma of faith, that decree
is nothing more than a new form of expressing an old doctrine, because the
decision must be drawn from the revealed Word of God.

The course pursued by the Church, regarding the infallibility of the Pope
was practiced by her in reference to the Divinity of Jesus Christ. Our
Savior was acknowledged to be God from the beginning of the Church. Yet
His Divinity was not formally defined till the Council of Nicaea in the
fourth century, and it would not have been defined even then had it not
been denied by Arius. And who will have the presumption to say that the
belief in the Divinity of our Lord had its origin in the fourth century?

The following has always been the practice prevailing in the Church of God
from the beginning of her history. Whenever Bishops or National Councils
promulgated doctrines or condemned errors they always transmitted their
decrees to Rome for confirmation or rejection. What Rome approved, the
universal Church approved; what Rome condemned, the Church condemned.

Thus, in the third century, Pope St. Stephen reverses the decision of St.
Cyprian, of Carthage, and of a council of African bishops regarding a
question of baptism.

Pope St. Innocent I., in the fifth century, condemns the Pelagian heresy,
in reference to which St. Augustine wrote this memorable sentence: "The
acts of two councils were sent to the Apostolic See, whence an answer was
returned. The _question is ended_. Would to God that the error also had
ceased."

In the fourteenth century Gregory XI. condemns the heresy of Wycliffe.

Pope Leo X., in the sixteenth, anathematizes Luther.

Innocent X., in the seventeenth, at the solicitation of the French
Episcopate, condemns the subtle errors of the Jansenists, and in the
nineteenth century Pius IX. promulgates the doctrine of the Immaculate
Conception.

Here we find the Popes in various ages condemning heresies and proclaiming
doctrines of faith; and they could not in a stronger manner assert their
infallibility than by so defining doctrines of faith and condemning
errors. We also behold the Church of Christendom ever saying Amen to the
decisions of the Bishops of Rome. Hence it is evident that, in every age,
the Church recognized the Popes as infallible teachers.

Every independent government must have a supreme tribunal regularly
sitting to inter