that the Catholic women's
votes would be unduly influenced by the priests.

Massachusetts was the home of the oldest and most influential
anti-suffrage organization of women in the United States under the
leadership of Mrs. Charles Eliot Guild, Miss Mary Ames, Mrs. James
Codman, Mrs. Charles P. Strong and others. Few of its members did any
active work but they were connected through the men of their families
with the richest, most powerful and best organized groups of men in
the State, who worked openly or behind the scenes against woman
suffrage. They had an influence out of all proportion to their
numbers. Most of the literature, most of the money and a liberal
supply of speakers for anti-suffrage campaigns all over the country
had emanated from this association. While always posing as a woman's
protest, the real strength of the movement was in the men.

In May, 1912, a Man's Anti-Suffrage Association had been organized,
its Executive Committee consisting of ten lawyers, one cotton broker,
one Technology Professor, the treasurer of Harvard College and the
treasurer of the Copley Society. Other societies were organized
later. All through the summer and fall of 1915 the women's and the
men's organizations and various groups and combinations of men, who
for one reason or another did not want equal suffrage, worked publicly
and privately in every conceivable way against the amendment. They
held meetings, mostly indoor, sent out speakers, advertised in street
cars, prepared and mailed to every voter at great expense an elaborate
pamphlet, The Case Against Woman Suffrage, full of misrepresentations,
and did all an active opposition could do, and they had an efficient
and highly paid Publicity Committee. The liquor interests fought the
amendment from start to finish. Pink slips were passed out in saloons
on election day, saying, "Good for two drinks if woman suffrage is
defeated."

The vote was curiously uniform. Every part of the State gave an
adverse majority; so did every city and town except Tewksbury and
Carver; and generally in about the same proportion--places with strong
suffrage organizations and places with none; whether the work done in
them had been much or little; even towns where a majority of the
voters had signed pledge cards promising to vote for the amendment
voted adversely and in about the same ratio. The vote was the largest
ever cast on any amendment in the State. By appealing adroitly to all
kinds