der_ in which these occur that we
wish to memorise, and we begin at the beginning and proceed as we learn
on from the Better Known or Best Known. In the list of American
Presidents the series extends back to a little more than a century; but
in the case of the English Sovereigns, when we begin with the Conqueror,
the series extends back to 1066--upwards of 800 years--and, although in
such a series the names of all the Sovereigns may be known, yet the
latest is vastly better known to us than the earliest. In such a case it
may be most useful to begin with the Best Known.

(10) Fortunately in this case the Best Known Sovereign is a PIVOT around
which all the other Sovereigns are directly or indirectly related.
_How_, we will proceed to show. Something of the method will be
intimated by the difference of type and spaces between the names:--

William I. Henry VII.
William II. Henry VIII.
Henry I. Edward VI.
Stephen. _Mary._
Henry II. _Elizabeth._
James I.
Richard I. Charles I.

John. Council of State and Parliament.
Henry III. Oliver Cromwell.
Edward I. Richard Cromwell.
Edward II. Council of State and Parliament.
Edward III. Charles II.
James II.
Richard II. William III. and Mary.
_Anne._
Henry IV. Henry IV.
Henry V. George I.
Henry VI. George II.
Edward IV. George III.
Edward V. George IV.
William IV.
Richard III. VICTORIA.

We begin with the Best Known, or Victoria, and we take note that she is
an independent Queen, since she has never shared sovereignty with
anyone; but Mary, of "William III. and Mary," was not an independent
Queen, because she did share the Sovereign Power with her husband.
Hereafter, when I use the word Queen I mean an independent Queen, except
when Mary, of "William III. and Mary," is mentioned, and her name will
be used only in Connection with William III. England has had only four
independent Queens, namely, Mary [Tudor], Elizabeth, Anne, and Victoria.

(I.) Victoria is the _last_