0, Ea{s}e = 0, I{s} = 0, and {Z}oe = 0, and {S}ei{z}e = 00,
{S}i{z}e = 00, {S}au{c}e = 00?

The following is another way of fixing in mind this first rule.

If the capital letter =S= were cut into two parts, and the bottom half
attached to the top half, it would make a nought (=0=). _So it is easy to
remember that S represents =0=._ C^soft as in _cease_ has the same sound
as S, and should therefore stand for the same figure, _viz._, 0; and Z
is a cognate of S--that is, it is _made by the same organs of speech in
the same position_ as when making S, only it is an undertone, and S is a
whispered letter. Besides Z should represent =0= because it begins the
word Zero--C^soft should also stand for =0= for the additional reason that
C^soft begins the word cipher. _In translating a word into figures we
always turn S, Z, or C^soft into nought (0); in turning figures into
words we always translate a nought (0) into S, Z, or C^soft._

1. What is the first thing to be done?
2. What must the student remember in connection with vowels?
3. By what do we represent the cipher?
4. What other way is given for fixing the first rule in the mind?
5. What is meant by a "cognate"?
6. What kind of a letter is S?

1 IS REPRESENTED BY THE CONSONANT "T," "TH," OR "D."

{T}oy = 1. As "t" stands for 1, and o and y are vowels, and have no
figure value, the numerical value of Toy _must_ be 1.

{Th}ee = 1, {Th}ou = 1, {D}ay = 1, {D}ew = 1, {Th}i{s} = 10,
{Th}u{s} = 10, {D}oe{s} = 10, {T}ie{s} = 10, {T}oe{s} = 10,
{D}ee{d} = 11, {D}o{th} = 11, {T}o-{d}ay = 11, {T}a{t}too[B] = 11,
{T}u{t} = 11, {T}oa{d} = 11, {T}ie{d} = 11, {S}a{t} = 01, {S}ai{d} = 01,
{S}ea{t}= 01, {D}ay{s} = 10, {T}oy{s} = 10, {Th}e{s}e = 10,
{Th}o{s}e = 10.

[B] See rules on page 72.

"t" stands for 1, because it is made with _one_ downward stroke. "h" has
no figure value except when it is united with "s" or "c" in sh or ch,
and therefore "th" _must_ represent 1, and d, being the cognate of "t,"
it is represented by 1. Hence we translate "t," "th," and "d" by the
figure 1, and when we want to represent 1, by letters, we translate it
into t, th, or d.

2 IS REPRESENTED BY "N," because it is made by two downward strokes.
{N}o = 2, A{n}y = 2, O{n}e = 2, {N}oi{s}e = 20, {N}i{c}e = 20,
{N}e{s}{t} = 201, {N}o{t}e = 21, {Th}e{n} = 12, {N}u{n} = 22,
{N}a{n} = 22, {S}o{n} = 02, {S}i{n}e = 02, {Z}o{n}e = 02, {N}i{n}e = 22,
{Z}e{n}o = 02, {S}ow{n} = 02.

3