e de Charlemagne", p. 127). Fernagu
was another Saracen king, killed in a famous encounter by Roland,
"Otinel", p. 9 (F.). For further references to these characters, see
E. Langlois, "Table des noms propres de toute nature compris dans les
chansons de geste" (Paris, 1904).]

[Footnote 140: There is a similar picket fence topped with helmets in
the "Las de la Mule sanz frain", v. 433 (ed. By R.T. Hill, Baltimore,
1911).]

[Footnote 141: For such magic horns, cf. A. Hertel, "Verzauberte
Oertlichkeiten", etc. (Hanover, 1908).]

[Footnote 142: In fact, nothing is known of this "lai", if, indeed, it
ever existed. For a recent definition of "lai", se L. Foulet in "Ztsch.
fur romanische Philologie", xxxii. 161 f.]

[Footnote 143: The sterling was the English silver penny, 240 of which
equalled 1 Pound Sterling of silver of 5760 grains 925 fine. It is early
described as "denarius Angliae qui vocatur sterlingus" ("Ency. Brit").]

[Footnote 144: Macrobus was a Neoplatonic philosopher and Latin
grammarian of the early part of the 5th century A.D. He is best known
as the author of the "Saturnalia" and of a commentary upon Cicero's
"Somnium Scipionis" in that author's "De republica". It is this latter
work that is probably in the mind of Chretien, as well as of Gower, who
refers to him in his "Mirour l'omme", and of Jean de Meun, the author of
the second part of the "Roman de la Rose".]

[Footnote 145: For fairies and their handiwork in the Middle Ages, cf.
L.F.A. Maury, "Les Fees du moyen age" (Paris, 1843); Keightley,
"Fairy Mythology" (London, 1860); Lucy A. Paton, "Studies in the Fairy
Mythology of Arthurian Romance", Radcliffe Monograph (Boston, 1903);
D.B. Easter, "The Magic Elements in the romans d'aventure and the romans
bretons" (Baltimore, 1906).]

CLIGES [21]

(Vv. 1-44.) He who wrote of Erec and Enide, and translated into French
the commands of Ovid and the Art of Love, and wrote the Shoulder
Bite, [22] and about King Mark and the fair Iseut, [23] and about the
metamorphosis of the Lapwing, [24] the Swallow, and the Nightingale,
will tell another story now about a youth who lived in Greece and was
a member of King Arthur's line. But before I tell you aught of him, you
shall hear of his father's life, whence he came and of what family. He
was so bold and so ambitious that he left Greece and went to England,
which was called Britain in those days, in order to win fame and renown.
This story, which I in