ded by alternate thaws and slighter frosts until the beginning
of December, when intense cold is always expected. Moreover, the bulk
of the losses occurred before the first snowstorm. The Grand Army
which marched on Smolensk and Moscow may be estimated at 400,000
(including reinforcements). At Viasma, _before severe cold set in_, it
had dwindled to 55,000. We may note here the curious fact,
substantiated by Alison, that the French troops stood the cold better
than the Poles and North Germans. See too N. Senior's "Conversations,"
vol. i., p. 239.]

[Footnote 275: Bausset, "Cour de Napoleon"; Wilson, pp. 271-277.]

[Footnote 276: Oudinot, "Memoires."]

[Footnote 277: Hereford George, pp. 349-350.]

[Footnote 278: Bourgogne, ch. viii.]

[Footnote 279: Pasquier, vol. ii., _ad init._]

[Footnote 280: Colonel Desprez, who accompanied the retreat, thus
described to King Joseph its closing scenes: "The truth is best
expressed by saying that _the army is dead_. The Young Guard was 8,000
strong when we left Moscow: at Vilna it scarcely numbered 400.... The
corps of Victor and Oudinot numbered 30,000 men when they crossed the
Beresina: two days afterwards they had melted away like the rest of
the army. Sending reinforcements only increased the losses."

The following French official report, a copy of which I have found in
our F.O. Records (Russia, No. 84), shows how frightful were the losses
after Smolensk. But it should be noted that the rank and file in this
case numbered only 300 at Smolensk, and had therefore lost more than
half their numbers--and this in a regiment of the Guard.

GARDE IMPERIALE: 6eme REGIMENT DE TIRAILLEURS.
_l^ere Division. Situation a l'epoque du 19 Decembre, 1812_.

|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Perte depuis le depart de Smolensk |
| |------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|---------|--------|
|Presents sous|Restes sur |Blesses qui|Morts de |Restes en |Total des|Reste |
|les armes au |le champ |n'ont pu |froid ou de|en arriere |Pertes |presents|
|depart de |de bataille |suivre, |misere |geles, ou | |sous les|
|Smolensk | |restes au | |pour cause | |armes |
| | |pouvoir de | |de maladie | | |
| | |l'ennemi |