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mskunde_, ii 158 ff. [189] Occasional reincarnation in human form is found elsewhere. The Mazdeans made it universal. [190] There is no certain or probable reference to it in the Old Testament before this. Ezek. xxxvii, 1-14, is obviously a figurative prediction of national (not individual) resuscitation, and the obscure passage Isa. xxvi, 19 seems to refer to the reestablishment of the nation, and in any case is not earlier than the fourth century B.C. and may be later. [191] Dan. xii; 2 Macc. vii, 14; Enoch, xci, 10; xxii. [192] 1 Cor. xv, 23; Rom. vi, 4; viii, 11; John vi, 54. [193] Acts xxiv, 15; John v, 28 f. [194] Apokatastasis (Col. i, 20; cf. Rom. xi, 32). [195] Cf. Steinmetz, _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strase_. [196] Westermarck, _Moral Ideas_, ii, 234, 245 f. [197] See below, on necromancy, Sec. 927. [198] See Sec. 360 ff. (ancestor-worship) and Sec. 350 ff. (divinization of deceased persons). [199] In Egypt there grew up also an elaborate system of charms for the protection of the dead against hostile animals, especially serpents,--a body of magical texts that finally took the form of the "Book of the Dead" (Breasted, _History of Egypt_, pp. 69, 175; Steindorff, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 153 ff.). [200] _Catapatha Brahmana_, xii, 9, 3, 12. Cf. W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, i, 193 f. [201] Breasted, op. cit., p. 249. [202] 1 Cor. xv, 29. [203] 2 Macc. xii, 40 ff. Possibly the custom came to the Jews from Egypt. For later Jewish ideas on this point see _Jewish Encyclopedia_, article "Kaddish." [204] Smith and Cheetham, _Dictionary of Christian Antiquities_, article "Canon of the Liturgy"; Hughes, _Dictionary of Islam_, article "Prayers for the Dead." [205] On savage logic cf. Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, chap. iv. [206] See Sec. 18 ff. [207] See Sec. 635 ff. [208] As to the efficiency of such tradition, compare the way in which mechanical processes are transmitted by older workmen to younger, always with the possibility of gradual improvement. In literary activity, also, tradition plays a great part; a young people must serve an apprenticeship before it can produce works of merit. [209] Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, i, sec. 35; Westermarck, _Human Marriage_, p. 43 ff.; Pridham, _Ceylon_, i, 454 (
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