ussia, it is true, agreed to waive her
claims below fifty-four degrees forty minutes and to exclusive
jurisdiction in Bering Sea; but the conflicting claims of England in the
Northwest remained, and Canning predicted that England would "have a
squabble with the Yankees yet in and about those regions."

Later generations have read strange meanings into the message of
President Monroe. Even contemporaries were not clear as to its import.
Interpreted in the light of its origin, it was a candid announcement
that the United States did not purpose to meddle in the affairs of
European states or of their existing dependencies, and a protest against
the increase of power of European states in America either by
intervention or by new colonization.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

In the concluding volume of Henry Adams's _History of the United
States_ are excellent chapters on American literature, art, and
religious thought. W. B. Cairns's _On the Development of American
Literature from 1815 to 1833_ (1898) contains much interesting
information about periodicals. Barrett Wendell's _A Literary
History of America_ (1900) is full of pungent comment on early men
of letters. C. C. Caffin, _The Story of American Painting_ (1907),
and H. T. Tuckerman, _Artist-Life, or Sketches of American
Artists_ (1847), record the small achievements of American art.
John Trumbull's _Autobiography, Reminiscences, and Letters, from
1756 to 1841_ (1841), is a book of great interest. E. G. Dexter's
_A History of Education in the United States_ (1904) is an
excellent manual. The Unitarian Movement can be best followed in
J. W. Chadwick's _William Ellery Channing_ (1903). The history of
the various denominations may be found in volumes of the _American
Church History Series_. The genesis of Monroe's message is
described by F. J. Turner, _The Rise of the New West_(in _The
American Nation_, vol. 14, 1906), and F. E. Chadwick, _The
Relations of the United States and Spain_ (1909). Both of these
accounts are based on W. C. Ford, _John Quincy Adams: His
Connection with the Monroe Doctrine_ (in Massachusetts Historical
Society _Proceedings_, 1902). An excellent essay is that by W. F.
Reddaway, _The Monroe Doctrine_ (2d. ed., 1905).

CHAPTER XVII

THE NEW DEMOCRACY

By the year 1824, the West had become a section to be reckoned with by
th