dollars and a half. Whereas the proposed rate
would have fixed a prohibitory duty on woolens costing about a dollar a
yard, the act allowed only a duty of forty-five per cent. "The dollar
minimum," as one of the aggrieved manufacturers put it, "was planted in
the very midst of the woolen trade."

Again the Middle States and the States of the Ohio Valley united in
support of the protective principle. New England was divided against
itself. Political considerations weighed heavily with those New
Englanders who like Webster voted for the bill. John Randolph hardly
exaggerated when he declared that "the bill referred to manufactures of
no sort or kind, except the manufacture of a President of the United
States."

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

To the bibliography at the close of the preceding chapter only a few
titles need be added. The foreign policy of the Adams Administration
is well described in F. E. Chadwick's _The Relations of the United
States and Spain_ (1909). The stages in the Indian controversy may
be traced in U. B. Phillips's _Georgia and State Rights_ (American
Historical Association, _Report_, 1901), and in E. J. Hardin's _Life
of George M. Troup_ (1859). E. M. Shepard, _Martin Van Buren_
(1888), and T. D. Jervey, _Robert Y. Hayne and His Times_ (1909),
are important biographies. Josiah Quincy's _Figures of the Past_
(1883) contains some interesting sketches of Washington society,
while N. Sargent's _Public Men and Events_ (2 vols., 1875) supplies
an abundance of political gossip.

CHAPTER XIX

THE RISE OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

Shortly after the Federal Convention of 1787, a friend remarked to
Gouverneur Morris, "You have made a good constitution." "That," replied
Morris laconically, "depends on how it is construed!" From Washington to
Jackson the process of construing the Constitution had gone on,
intermittently by the executive and legislative, steadily by the
judiciary. "The judiciary of the United States," wrote Jefferson in
1820, "is the subtle corps of sappers and miners constantly working
underground to undermine the foundations of our confederate fabric. They
are constantly construing our constitution from a coordination of a
general and a special government, to a general and supreme one alone.
They will lay all things at their feet, and they are too well versed in
the English law to forget the maxim, '_boni judicis est ampliare