woodman's ax was heard in the forests of the
north, the victory of man over his natural environments was secured, and
the forest and morass became his forever."<12>

The bronze ax was used for a great variety of purposes, not only as an
ax, but as chisel, hoe, etc. As might be expected, the oldest axes were
simply modeled after the stone ones. The preceding cut represents these
simple forms.

They were inserted into the handle much the same as they did the stone
axes. It never occurred to these ancient workers to cast the axes with a
hole in them for the handle.

Illustration of Bronze Axes--Second Form.------Illustration of Bronze
Axes--Third Form.--------

The above cut represents the second form of the ax. The trouble with the
first was that much usage would inevitably split the handle. To remedy
this, a stop or ridge was raised across the celt, and the metal and the
wood were made to fit into one another. The small figure illustrates
this method of hafting. It would be quite natural to bend the sides of
this second form around, and thus would arise a third form in which the
handle was let into a socket, of which we also give a cut. As a general
thing, bronze axes were plain, but they were sometimes ornamented with
ridges, dots, and lines.

In addition to axes, they of course had many other implements of bronze.
Chisels were made much the same as at present, except that the handle
fitted into a socket. A few hammers have been discovered in the Swiss
lake villages. Bronze knives of different styles and sizes were quite
numerous. The workmanship on them is generally skillful. They were, as
a rule, fitted into a handle of bone, horn, or wood, and the blade was
nearly always carved. In some cases the knives also ended in a socket
into which the handle fitted.<13>

Illustrations of Chisel, Hammer and Bronze Knives.-------

In matters of personal ornament, the men and women of the Bronze Age
were as willing to make use of artificial helps as their descendants
to-day, and no doubt fashion was quite as arbitrary in her rule then as
now. Among some savage nations the dressing of the hair--especially of
the men--is carried to a very elaborate pitch.<14> In this respect,
some of the dandies of the Bronze Age certainly excelled. They evidently
built up on their heads a great pyramid of hair; in some cases large
enough to allow of the use of hair-pins two feet long. Of course such a
structure as this was intended