f Aquileia resided here from 773 to
1031, when they returned to Aquileia, and finally in 1238 removed to
Udine. This last change of residence was the origin of the antagonism
between Cividale and Udine, which was only terminated by their surrender
to Venice in 1419 and 1420 respectively.

CIVILIS, CLAUDIUS, or more correctly, JULIUS, leader of the Batavian
revolt against Rome (A.D. 69-70). He was twice imprisoned on a charge of
rebellion, and narrowly escaped execution. During the disturbances that
followed the death of Nero, he took up arms under pretence of siding
with Vespasian and induced the inhabitants of his native country to
rebel. The Batavians, who had rendered valuable aid under the early
emperors, had been well treated in order to attach them to the cause of
Rome. They were exempt from tribute, but were obliged to supply a large
number of men for the army, and the burden of conscription and the
oppressions of provincial governors were important incentives to revolt.
The Batavians were immediately joined by several neighbouring German
tribes, the most important of whom were the Frisians. The Roman
garrisons near the Rhine were driven out, and twenty-four ships
captured. Two legions under Mummius Lupercus were defeated at Castra
Vetera (near the modern Xanten) and surrounded. Eight cohorts of
Batavian veterans joined their countrymen, and the troops sent by
Vespasian to the relief of Vetera threw in their lot with them. The
result of these accessions to the forces of Civilis was a rising in
Gaul. Hordeonius Flaccus was murdered by his troops (70), and the whole
of the Roman forces were induced by two commanders of the Gallic
auxiliaries--Julius Classicus and Julius Tutor--to revolt from Rome and
join Civilis. The whole of Gaul thus practically declared itself
independent, and the foundation of a new kingdom of Gaul was
contemplated. The prophetess Velleda predicted the complete success of
Civilis and the fall of the Roman Empire. But disputes broke out amongst
the different tribes and rendered co-operation impossible; Vespasian,
having successfully ended the civil war, called upon Civilis to lay down
his arms, and on his refusal resolved to take strong measures for the
suppression of the revolt. The arrival of Petillius Cerialis with a
strong force awed the Gauls and mutinous troops into submission; Civilis
was defeated at Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Treves) and Vetera, and
forced to withdraw to the islan