ack
of their sockets. The external marking of organs is to indicate where
they lie and in what direction their development produces exterior
projection. The junction of the front and middle lobes, including the
so-called "island of Reil" (who was a pupil of Gall, and spoke of him
as the most wonderful of anatomists), has its most direct external
indication at the outer angle of the eye. That is the location which
has been given the organ by my experiments, which were made without
reference to anatomy, without even a thought of it, for I consider
such experiments the supreme authority in physiology, and do not stop
to inquire whether any previous knowledge supports them or not.

Dr. Gall had the true idea, for although he spoke of the general
prominence of the eye as the indication, he also recognized the
development as extending in the direction in which I have located it.
He regarded the organ of language as a convolution lying on the
super-orbital plate, behind the position of the eyeball. This
convolution is comparatively defective in animals generally, but more
developed in birds of superior vocal powers. In addition to this, he
observed the growth extending into the temples, where the front and
middle lobes unite. "A great diameter in this direction," he says, "is
always a favorable augury for the memory of words. I have seen persons
who with an ordinary conformation of the eyes yet learned by heart
with great facility. But in these cases the diameter from one temple
to the other is ordinarily very considerable, and sometimes even the
inferior part of the temples is projecting, which attests a great
development of the adjacent cerebral parts."

Thus it is evident that he recognized the structure behind the
external angle of the eye as an important part of the organ of
language.

The interior portion of the convolution is the more intellectual
portion of the organ, while the exterior portion is that which holds
the closest relation to the fibres of the _corpora striata_ in the
middle lobe, and may therefore most properly be called the organ of
language or of speech, the impairment of which produces aphasia, or
loss of speech. This is the form which has chiefly attracted the
attention of the medical profession, as it very often accompanies
paralytic affections from disease of the _corpora striata_.

Evidently Gall arrived at the correct location, and he illustrates the
discovery by referring to a great number of