d
from the Accession of Anne to the Death of George
II. (London, 1909), and W. Hunt, The History of
England from the Accession of George III. to the
Close of Pitt's First Administration (London,
1905). Briefer accounts of the period 1783-1830
will be found in May and Holland, Constitutional
History of England, I., 409-440, and in Cambridge
Modern History, IX., Chap. 22 and X., Chaps. 18-20
(see bibliography, pp. 856-870). Important
biographies of political leaders include A. von
Ruville, William Pitt, Graf von Chatham, 3 vols.
(Stuttgart and Berlin, 1905); W. D. Green, William
Pitt, Earl of Chatham (London, 1901); E.
Fitzmaurice, Life of William, Earl of Shelburne, 3
vols. (London, 1875-1876); Lord P. H. Stanhope,
Life of Pitt, 4 vols. (London, 1861-1862); Lord
Rosebery, Pitt (London, 1891); and Lord J. Russell,
Life of Charles James Fox, 3 vols. (1859-1867).]

III. THE SECOND ERA OF WHIG [LIBERAL] ASCENDANCY, 1830-1874 (p. 147)

*154. The Liberals and Reform.*--The political history of this second
great era of Whig ascendancy falls into some four or five stages. The
first, extending from the accession of the Grey ministry in 1830 to
the parliamentary elections of 1841, was an epoch of notable reforms,
undertaken and carried through mainly by the Whigs, with the
co-operation of various radical elements and of discontented Tories.
This was the period of the first Reform Act (1832), the emancipation
of slaves in the British colonies (1833), the beginning of
parliamentary appropriations for public education (1833), the Factory
Act of 1833, the New Poor Law (1834), the Municipal Corporations Act
(1835), and a number of other measures designed to meet urgent demands
of humanity and of public interest. This was the time, furthermore, at
which the party nomenclature of later days was brought into use. The
name Whig was superseded altogether by that of Liberal, while the name
Tory, though not wholly discontinued in everyday usage, was replaced
largely by the term Conservative.[213] The Liberals were in these
years peculiarly the party of reform, but it must not be inferred that
the