M.
Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organization of
Political Parties, trans. by F. Clarke, 2 vols.
(London, 1902). A valuable monograph is A. L.
Lowell, The Influence of Party upon Legislation in
England and America, in _Annual Report of American
Historical Association for 1901_ (Washington,
1902), I., 319-542. An informing study is E.
Porritt, The Break-up of the English Party System,
in _Annals of American Academy of Political and
Social Science_, V., No. 4 (Jan., 1895), and an
incisive criticism is H. Belloc and H. Chesterton,
The Party System (London, 1911). There is no
adequate history of English political parties from
their origins to the present day. G. W. Cooke, The
History of Party from the Rise of the Whig and Tory
factions in the Reign of Charles II. to the Passing
of the Reform Bill, 3 vols. (London, 1836-1837)
covers the subject satisfactorily to the end of the
last unreformed parliament. Other party
histories--as T. E. Kebbel, History of Toryism
(London, 1886); C. B. R. Kent, The English Radicals
(London, 1899); W. Harris, History of the Radical
Party in Parliament (London, 1885); and J. B. Daly,
The Dawn of Radicalism (London, 1892)--cover
important but restricted fields. An admirable work
which deals with party organization as well as with
party principles is R. S. Watson, The National
Liberal Federation from its Commencement to the
General Election of 1906 (London, 1907). For
further party histories see p. 160, 166.]

II. PARTIES IN THE LATER EIGHTEENTH AND EARLIER NINETEENTH (p. 145)
CENTURIES

*152. Whigs and Tories.*--The seventeenth-century origins of political
parties in England, the development of Whigs and Tories following the
Revolution of 1688-1689, and the prolonged Whig supremacy during the
reigns of George I. and George II., have been alluded to in another
place.[211] During the eighteenth century the parliamentary syste