n and the three universities of Oxford,
Cambridge, and Dublin, comprise the existing twenty-seven two-member
constituencies. By partition of the counties, of the old boroughs
having more than two members, and of the new boroughs with only two
members, all save these twenty-seven constituencies have been erected
into separate, single-member electoral divisions, each with its own
name and identity.[122]

[Footnote 121: Strictly 652, since after 1867 four
boroughs, returning six members, were
disfranchised.]

[Footnote 122: On the reforms of the period
1832-1885 see Cambridge Modern History, X., Chap.
18, and XI., Chap. 12; Dickinson, Development of
Parliament, Chap. 2; Rose, Rise and Growth of
Democracy, Chaps. 2, 10-13; Marriott, English
Political Institutions, Chap. 10. An excellent
survey is May and Holland, Constitutional History
of England, I., Chap. 6, and III., Chap. 1. Mention
may be made of H. Cox, A History of the Reform
Bills of 1866 and 1867 (London, 1868); J. S. Mill,
Considerations on Representative Government
(London, 1861); and T. Hare, The Election of
Representatives, Parliamentary and Municipal (3d
ed., London, 1865). An excellent survey by a Swiss
scholar is contained in C. Borgeaud, The Rise of
Modern Democracy in Old and New England, trans. by
B. Hill (London, 1894), and a useful volume is J.
Murdock, A History of Constitutional Reform in
Great Britain and Ireland (Glasgow, 1885). The
various phases of the subject are covered, of
course, in the general histories of the period,
notably S. Walpole, History of England from the
Conclusion of the Great War in 1815, 6 vols. (new
ed., London, 1902); W. N. Molesworth, History of
England from the year 1830-1874, 3 vols. (London,
1874); J. F. Bright, History of England, 5 vols.
(London, 1875-1894); H. Paul, History of Modern
England, 5 vols. (London, 1904-1906); and S. Low