eceived with favor by the conservative
magnates, but the Liberals, led by Deak, refused absolutely to approve
it, save on the condition that the constitutional regime of the
kingdom, abrogated in 1849, should be regarded as completely restored.
At Vienna there had been no intention that the proposed innovation
should entail such consequences, and within four months of its
promulgation the diploma of 1860 was superseded by a patent of
February 26, 1861, whereby the terms demanded by the Deak party were
specifically denied. In this patent--the handiwork principally of
Anton von Schmerling, Goluchowski's successor in the office of
Minister of the Interior--was elaborated further the plan of the new
Reichsrath. Two chambers there were to be--an upper, or House of
Lords, to be made up of members appointed by the Emperor in
consideration of birth, station, or merits and a lower, or House of
Representatives, to consist of 343 members (Hungary sending 85 and
Bohemia 54), to be chosen by the provincial diets from their own
membership. Sessions of the body were to be annual. The new instrument
differed fundamentally from the old, not simply in that it substituted
a bicameral for a unicameral parliamentary body, but also in that it
diverted from the local diets to the Reichsrath a wide range of
powers, being designed, indeed, specifically to facilitate the
centralization of governmental authority.

*506. The Hungarian Opposition.*--By reason chiefly of the refusal of
the Deak party to accept for Hungary anything short of the autonomy
which had been enjoyed prior to 1849, the new scheme of government was
for a time only partially successful. In one after another of the
component parts of the Empire the provincial diets were called back to
life, and the Reichsrath itself was started upon its career. But the
Hungarians held aloof. The position which they assumed was that
Hungary had always been a separate nation; that the union with Austria
lay only through the person of the monarch, who, indeed, in Hungary
was king only after he should have sworn to uphold the ancient laws of
Hungary and should have been crowned in Hungary with the iron crown of
St. Stephen; that no change in these ancient laws and practices could
legally be effected by the emperor-king alone; that the constitution
of 1861 was inadequate, not only because it had been "granted" and
might as easily be revoked, but because it covered both Austria and
Hungary; reduced