rope was less affected by the
ideas and transformations of the Revolution than was Austria.

Having resisted by every means at her disposal, including resort to
arms, the progress of revolution, Austria set herself firmly,
likewise, in opposition to the ambitions of Napoleon. Of the many
consequences of the prolonged combat between Napoleon and the Hapsburg
power, one only need be mentioned here. August 11, 1804, Francis II.,
archduke of Austria and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, assumed the
name and title of Francis I., emperor of Austria. To the taking of
this step the Hapsburg monarch was influenced in part by Napoleon's
assumption, three months previously, of the title of emperor of the
French, and in part by anticipation that the Holy Roman Empire would
soon be subverted completely by the conqueror. The apprehension proved
well-founded. Within two years it was made known definitely that the
Napoleonic plan of international readjustment involved as one of its
principal features the termination, once for all, of an institution
which, as Voltaire had already said, was "no longer holy, Roman, or an
empire." August 6, 1806, the title and functions of Holy Roman Emperor
were relinquished formally by the Austrian monarch. The Austrian
imperial title of to-day, dates, however, from 1804.

II. HUNGARIAN POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT TO 1815

*491. Beginnings.*--According to accounts which are but indifferently
reliable, the Magyars, or Hungarians, lately come as invaders from
Asia, made their first appearance in the land which now bears their
name in the year 895. Certain it is that during the first half of the
tenth century they terrorized repeatedly the populations of Germany
and France, until, in 955, their signal defeat at the Lechfeld by the
German king (the later Emperor Otto I.) checked effectually their
onslaughts and re-enforced the disposition already in evidence among
them to take on a settled mode of life. In the second half of the
tenth century they occupied definitely the valleys of the Danube and
the Theiss, wedging apart, as do their descendants to this day, the
Slavs of the north and those of the Balkan regions.

*492. Institutional Growth Under Stephen I., 997-1038.*--The principal
formative period in the history of the Hungarian nation is the long
reign of Stephen I., or, as he is more commonly known, St. Stephen.
In this reign were established firmly both the Hungarian state and (p. 446)
the Hungarian c