ian people.[571]

[Footnote 570: King and Okey, Italy To-day, 255.]

[Footnote 571: For a brief discussion of the
subject of church and state in Italy see King and
Okey, Italy To-day, Chaps. 2 and 13. A useful book
is R. de Cesare, Roma e lo stato del papa dal
ritorno di Pio IX., 2 vols. (Rome, 1907), of which
there is an abridged translation by H. Zimmern, The
Last Days of Papal Rome, 1850-1870 (Boston, 1909).
Mention may be made of M. Pernot, La politique de
Pie X. (Paris, 1910); A. Brunialto, Lo stato e la
chiesa in Italia (Turin, 1892); G. Barzellotti,
L'Italia e il papato, in _Nuova Antologia_, March
1, 1904; and F. Nielsen, The History of the Papacy
in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1906).]

II. PARTIES AND MINISTRIES, 1861-1896 (p. 391)

*431. Party Beginnings: the Conservative Ascendancy, 1861-1876.*--In
Italy, as in France, political parties are numerous and their
constituencies and programmes are subject to rapid and bewildering
fluctuation. In the earliest days of the kingdom party lines were not
sharply drawn. In the parliament elected in January, 1861, the
supporters of Cavour numbered 407, while the strength of the
opposition was but 36. After the death of Cavour, however, June 6,
1861, the cleavage which already had begun to mark off the Radicals,
or Left, from the Conservatives, or Right, was accentuated, and the
Left grew rapidly in numbers and in influence. During the period
between 1861 and 1870 the two parties differed principally upon the
question of the completion of Italian unity, the Conservatives
favoring a policy of caution and delay, the Radicals urging that the
issue be forced at the earliest opportunity. With the exception of
brief intervals in 1862 and 1867, when the Radicals, under Rattazzi,
gained the upper hand, the government during the period indicated was
administered by the Conservative ministries of Ricasoli (the successor
of Cavour), Minghetti, La Marmora, Menabrea, and Lanza. Each of the
Rattazzi ministries had as one of its principal incidents an invasion
of the papal territory by Garibaldi, and each fell primarily because
of the fear of the nation that its continuance in power would