ischen Eidgenossenschaft (Zuerich,
1891). Of the last-mentioned excellent work there
is a French translation, under the title Les
origines de la confederation suisse (Bern, 1891).
The origins of the Swiss Confederation were
described in a scientific manner for the first time
in the works of J. E. Kopp: Urkunden zur Geschichte
der eidgenoessischen Buende (Leipzig and Berlin,
1835), and Geschichte der eidgenoessischen Buende
(Leipzig and Berlin, 1845-1852). The texts of all
of the Swiss alliances to 1513 are printed in J.
von Ah, Die Bundesbriefe der alten Eidgenossen
(Einsiedeln, 1891).]

[Footnote 580: Lucerne joined the alliance in 1332;
Zuerich in 1351; Glarus and Zug in 1352; Bern in
1353; Freiburg and Solothurn in 1481; Basel and
Schaffhausen in 1501; and Appenzell in 1513. "Swiss
history is largely the history of the drawing
together of bits of each of the Imperial kingdoms
(Germany, Italy, and Burgundy) for common defense
against a common foe--the Hapsburgs; and, when this
family have secured to themselves the permanent
possession of the Empire, the Swiss league little
by little wins its independence of the Empire,
practically in 1499, formally in 1648. Originally a
member of the Empire, the Confederation becomes
first an ally, then merely a friend." Encyclopedia
Britannica, 11th ed., XXVI., 246.]

*448. The Helvetic Republic.*--The result of the French intervention of
1798 was that, almost instantly, the loosely organized Swiss
confederation was converted into a centralized republic, tributary to
France, and under a constitution which was substantially a
reproduction of the French instrument of 1795. Under the terms of this
constitution the territories of the Confederation were split up into
twenty-three administrative districts, corresponding in but rare
instances to the earlier cantons,[581] a uniform Swiss citizenship was
established, a common suffrage was introduced, freedom of speech and
of the press wa