y Metternich as merely
a geographical expression. In essentials, though not in all respects,
there was a return to the situation of pre-Napoleonic times. When the
bargainings of the diplomats were concluded it was found that there
remained, in all, ten Italian states, as follows: the kingdom of
Sardinia, Lombardo-Venetia, Parma, Modena, Lucca, Tuscany, Monaco, San
Marino, the kingdom of Naples, and the States of the Church. To the
kingdom of Sardinia, reconstituted under Victor Emmanuel I., France
retroceded Nice and Savoy, and to it was added the former republic of
Genoa. Lombardo-Venetia, comprising the duchy of Milan and all of the
continental possessions of the former Venetian republic, including
Istria and Dalmatia, was given into the possession of Austria.[525]
Tuscany was restored to the grand-duke Ferdinand III. of
Hapsburg-Lorraine; the duchy of Modena, to Francis IV., son of the
archduke Ferdinand of Austria; Parma and Piacenza were assigned to
Maria Louisa, daughter of the Austrian emperor and wife of Napoleon;
the duchy of Lucca, to Maria Louisa of Bourbon-Parma. In the south,
Ferdinand IV. of Naples, restored to all of his former possessions,
was recognized under the new title of Ferdinand I. And, finally, Pope
Pius VII., long held semi-prisoner by Napoleon at Fontainebleau,
recovered the whole of the dominion which formerly had belonged to the
Holy See.

[Footnote 525: By decree of April 24, 1815, these
territories were erected into a kingdom under
Austrian control, though possessing a separate
administration.]

Respecting the entire arrangement two facts are obvious. The first is
that there was not, in the Italy of 1815, the semblance, even, of
national unity. The second is that the preponderance of Austria was
scarcely less thoroughgoing than in Napoleon's time had been that of
the French. Lombardo-Venetia Austria possessed outright; Tuscany,
Modena, and Parma were ruled by Austrian princes; Ferdinand of Naples
was an Austrian ally, and he had pledged himself not to introduce in
his possessions principles of government incompatible with those
employed by the Austrians in the north; while even Victor Emmanuel of
Sardinia--the only important native sovereign, aside from the Pope, in
the peninsula--was pledged to a perpetual Austrian alliance.[526]

[Footnote 526: W. R. Thayer, The Dawn of Italian