e W. J. Stillman,
The Union of Italy, 1815-1895 (Cambridge, 1898); J.
Probyn, Italy, 1815-1890 (London, 1884); M.
Cesaresco, The Liberation of Italy (New York,
1894); P. Orsi, L'Italia moderna (Milan, 1901); F.
Bertolini, Storia d'Italia dal 1814 al 1878 (Milan,
1880-1881); and E. Sorin, Histoire de l'Italie
depuis 1815 jusqu'a la mort de V. Emm. (Paris,
1910). Among biographies mention may be made of G.
Godkin, Life of Victor Emmanuel II. (2d ed.,
London, 1880); M. Cesaresco, Cavour (London, 1898);
D. Zanichelli, Cavour (Florence, 1905); B. King,
Mazzini (London, 1902). A very valuable biography,
which indeed comprises virtually a history of the
period 1848-1861, is W. R. Thayer, Count Cavour, 2
vols. (Boston, 1911). The monumental Italian work
in the field is C. Tivaroni, Storia critica del
risorgimento italiano, 9 vols. (Turin, 1888-1897).
The principal documentary collection is N. Bianchi,
Storia documentata della diplomazia Europea in
Italia dall' anno 1814 all' anno 1861, 8 vols.
(Turin, 1865-1872). Invaluable are L. Chiala,
Lettere del Conte di Cavour, 7 vols. (Turin,
1883-1887), and D. Zanichelli, Scritti del Conte di
Cavour (Bologna, 1892). For full bibliography see
Cambridge Modern History, XI., 908-913.]

IV. THE CONSTITUTION (p. 365)

*401. The Statuto.*--The formal constitution of the kingdom of Italy
to-day is the _Statuto fondamentale del Regno_ granted March 4, 1848,
by Charles Albert to his Piedmontese subjects. To each of the
territories successively annexed to the Piedmontese kingdom this
instrument was promptly extended, on the basis of popular
ratifications, or plebiscites; and when, in 1861, the kingdom of
Piedmont was converted into the kingdom of Italy, the fundamental law,
modified in only minor respects, was continued in operation. The
_Statuto_ was granted originally as a royal charter, and its author
seems to have expected it to be final, at least until it should have
been repl