hich
fell under Napoleon's rule, a thoroughgoing French system of law and
administration was established. To all of the tributary districts
alike were extended the Code Napoleon, and in them were organized
councils, courts, and agencies of control essentially analogous to
those which comprised the Napoleonic governmental regime in France. In
them, likewise, were undertaken public works, measures for public
education, and social reforms similar to those which in France
constituted the most permanent and the most beneficent aspects of the
Napoleonic domination. For the first time since the age of Justinian
the entire peninsula was brought under what was in fact, if not in
name, a single political system.

If the rise of French power in Italy had been brilliant, however, the
collapse of that power was speedy and complete. It followed hard upon
Napoleon's Russian campaign and the defeat at Leipzig. The final
surrender, consequent upon Napoleon's first abdication was made April
16, 1814, by the viceroy Beauharnais, whereupon the Austrians resumed
possession in the north, the Bourbons in the south, and the whole
problem of permanent adjustment was given over to the congress of the
powers at Vienna.[524]

[Footnote 524: For brief accounts of the Napoleonic
regime in Italy see Cambridge Modern History, IX.,
Chap. 14; B. King, A History of Italian Unity
(London, 1899), I., Chap. 1. Works of value dealing
with the subject include P. Gaffarel, Bonaparte et
les republiques italiennes, 1796-1799 (Paris,
1895); A. Dufourcq, Le regime jacobin en Italie,
1796-1799 (Paris, 1900); F. Lemmi, Le origini del
risorgimento italiano (Milan, 1906); G. Sabini, I
primi esperimenti costituzionali in Italia,
1797-1815 (Turin, 1911); and R. M. Johnston, The
Napoleonic Empire in Southern Italy, 2 vols.
(London, 1904). An older work is E. Ramondini,
L'Italia durante la dominazione francese (Naples,
1882).]

II. THE RESTORATION AND THE REVOLUTION OF 1848 (p. 358)

*392. Italy in 1815.*--By the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, June
9, 1815, Italy was remanded to a status such that the name of the
peninsula could be characterized with aptness b