surrender
negotiations. At that time some 6,000,000 leaflets and a large number
of newspapers had been dropped. The radio broadcasts in Japanese had
been carried out at regular 15 minute intervals.

SUMMARY OF DAMAGES AND INJURIES

Both the Hiroshima and the Nagasaki atomic bombs exhibited similar
effects.

The damages to man-made structures and other inanimate objects was the
result in both cities of the following effects of the explosions:

A. Blast, or pressure wave, similar to that of normal explosions.

B. Primary fires, i.e., those fires started instantaneously by the
heat radiated from the atomic explosion.

C. Secondary fires, i.e., those fires resulting from the collapse of
buildings, damage to electrical systems, overturning of stoves, and
other primary effects of the blast.

D. Spread of the original fires (B and C) to other structures.

The casualties sustained by the inhabitants of both cities were due to:

A. "Flash" burns, caused directly by the almost instantaneous
radiation of heat and light at the moment of the explosion.

B. Burns resulting from the fires caused by the explosion.

C. Mechanical injuries caused by collapse of buildings, flying debris,
and forceable hurling--about of persons struck by the blast pressure
waves.

D. Radiation injuries caused by the instantaneous penetrating
radiation (in many respects similar to excessive X-ray exposure) from
the nuclear explosion; all of these effective radiations occurred
during the first minute after initiation of the explosion, and nearly
all occurred during the first second of the explosion.

No casualties were suffered as a result of any persistent radioactivity
of fission products of the bomb, or any induced radioactivity of
objects near the explosion. The gamma radiations emitted by the
nuclear explosion did not, of course, inflict any damage on structures.

The number of casualties which resulted from the pure blast effect
alone (i.e., because of simple pressure) was probably negligible in
comparison to that caused by other effects.

The central portions of the cities underneath the explosions suffered
almost complete destruction. The only surviving objects were the
frames of a small number of strong reinforced concrete buildings which
were not collapsed by the blast; most of these buildings suffered
extensive damage from interior fires, had their windows, doors, and
partitions knocked out, and all other fixture