rom
1. Flash radiation of heat
2. Fires started by the explosions.
B. Mechanical injuries from collapse of buildings, flying debris, etc.
C. Direct effects of the high blast pressure, i.e., straight
compression.
D. Radiation injuries, from the instantaneous emission of gamma rays and
neutrons.

It is impossible to assign exact percentages of casualties to each of
the types of injury, because so many victims were injured by more than
one effect of the explosions. However, it is certain that the greater
part of the casualties resulted from burns and mechanical injures.
Col. Warren, one of America's foremost radioligists, stated it is
probable that 7 per cent or less of the deaths resulted primarily from
radiation disease.

The greatest single factor influencing the occurrence of casualties was
the distance of the person concerned from the center of explosion.

Estimates based on the study of a selected group of 900 patients
indicated that total casualties occurred as far out as 14,000 feet at
Nagasaki and 12,000 feet at Hiroshima.

Burns were suffered at a considerable greater distance from X than any
other type of injury, and mechanical injuries farther out than
radiation effects.

Medical findings show that no person was injured by radioactivity who
was not exposed to the actual explosion of the bombs. No injuries
resulted from persistent radioactivity of any sort.

BURNS

Two types of burns were observed. These are generally differentiated
as flame or fire burn and so-called flash burn.

The early appearance of the flame burn as reported by the Japanese, and
the later appearance as observed, was not unusual.

The flash burn presented several distinctive features. Marked redness
of the affected skin areas appeared almost immediately, according to
the Japanese, with progressive changes in the skin taking place over a
period of a few hours. When seen after 50 days, the most distinctive
feature of these burns was their sharp limitation to exposed skin areas
facing the center of the explosion. For instance, a patient who had
been walking in a direction at right angles to a line drawn between him
and the explosion, and whose arms were swinging, might have burns only
on the outside of the arm nearest the center and on the inside of the
other arm.

Generally, any type of shielding protected the skin against flash
burns, although burns through one, and very occasionally mo