area in Hiroshima with a
mean radius of about 6,000 feet and a maximum radius of about 11,000
feet; similar heavy damage occured in Nagasaki south of X up to 10,000
feet, where it was stopped on a river course.

In Hiroshima over 60,000 of 90,000 buildings were destroyed or severely
damaged by the atomic bomb; this figure represents over 67% of the
city's structures.

In Nagasaki 14,000 or 27% of 52,000 residences were completely
destroyed and 5,400, or 10% were half destroyed. Only 12% remained
undamaged. This destruction was limited by the layout of the city.
The following is a summary of the damage to buildings in Nagasaki as
determined from a ground survey made by the Japanese:

Destruction of Buildings and Houses Number Percentage
(Compiled by Nagasaki Municipality)

Total in Nagasaki (before atomic explosion) 50,000 100.0
Blasted (not burned) 2,652 5.3
Blasted and burned 11,494 23.0
Blasted and/or burned 14,146 28.3
Partially burned or blasted 5,441 10.9
Total buildings and houses destroyed 19,587 39.2
Undamaged 30,413 60.8

In Hiroshima, all utilities and transportation services were disrupted
for varying lengths of time. In general however services were restored
about as rapidly as they could be used by the depleted population.
Through railroad service was in order in Hiroshima on 8 August, and
electric power was available in most of the surviving parts on 7
August, the day after the bombing. The reservoir of the city was not
damaged, being nearly 2 miles from X. However, 70,000 breaks in water
pipes in buildings and dwellings were caused by the blast and fire
effects. Rolling transportation suffered extensive damage. The damage
to railroad tracks, and roads was comparatively small, however. The
electric power transmission and distribution systems were badly
wrecked. The telephone system was approximately 80% damaged, and no
service was restored until 15 August.

Despite the customary Japanese lack of attention to sanitation
measures, no major epidemic broke out in the bombed cities. Although
the conditions following the bombings makes this fact seem surprising,
the experience of other bombed cities in both Germany and Japan show
Hiroshima and Nagasaki not to be isolated cases.

The atomic expl