of the kings of Portugal seem
to reveal a sincere desire to control greed and cruelty. In 1570
private slave raids were forbidden and slavery was confined to
those captured in public and just war. Lisbon, however, became a
great slave mart by the law that slaves passing from one colony
(Africa) to another (America) must pass through Lisbon and pay a
tax there. Peter Martyr is quoted that slavery was necessary for
Indians who, if they had no master, would go on with their old
customs and idolatry. Slavery killed them, however. It did not
make them laborers.[691] In general, in the valley of the Yapura,
in the first half of the nineteenth century, slaves were war
captives who were very unkindly treated.[692] The aborigines
began to sell their war captives to Europeans soon after the
latter arrived. They wanted rosewood especially, and they took
Indians to Africa as slaves.[693] Boggiani[694] expresses the
opinion in regard to the savages of the Chaco, as the meadow
region on the Paraguay river is called, that slavery amongst a
people of more civilized mores, is, for them, "an incalculable
benefit," and that "to hinder slavery, in such circumstances,
would be a capital error." "It is necessary to force them to come
out of their brutelike condition, and to awaken their
intelligence, which is not wanting, if they receive practical and
energetic direction." Bridges[695] says that one Fuegian is
thrown into clientage to another by their mode of life. "For a
young man, with no wife and few relatives, must live with some
one who can protect him, and with whom he can live in comfort,
whose wife or wives can catch fish for him, etc."

+279. Slavery in Polynesia and Melanesia.+ Polynesia, Melanesia,
and the East Indies, especially the last, present us pictures of
a society which is old and whose mores have been worn threadbare,
while their stage of civilization is still very low.
Codrington[696] says: "There is no such thing as slavery,
properly so called. In head-hunting expeditions prisoners are
made for the sake of their heads, to be used when occasion
requires, and such persons live with their captors in a condition
very different from that of freedom, but they are not taken or
maintained for the purposes of slaves." Ratzel[697] says:
"Slavery prevailed everywhere in Melanesia, originating either in
war or debt. S