hem back to
work. The misery of the slave population seems to have reached
its acme at Enna where two roads across the island cross each
other. The town lies 3000 feet high. It was a great fortress down
into the Middle Ages.[761] At this place began a slave revolt,
led by a Syrian skilled in sorcery. The slaves took the city and
engaged in rapine and murder. A band was sent to capture
Damophilos. The men killed him, and the women his wife. Their
daughter was sent in security to her relatives.[762] It was ten
years before peace was restored to the island.

+288. Later Roman slavery. Slaves in the civil wars. Clientage.+ Down to
about 200 B.C. slavery, although mechanical and cruel, was domestic. The
slave was a member of the household, on intimate terms with the master
or his children, shared in the religious exercises, and the graves of
slaves were under religious protection.[763] In the second century B.C.
Roman expansion gained momentum and produced power and wealth. The
factions of the city were fighting for control of the booty. Roman
character became mechanical and hard. This affected the type of slavery.
By 100 B.C. Carthaginians, Greeks, and Romans had developed a system of
holding slaves which was cruel and reckless, and slaves had acquired a
character of hatred, venom, and desire for revenge. They were malignant,
cunning, and hypocritical.[764] In the civil wars each leader sought the
help of slaves. Sulla set free 10,000 of them, whom he put in the tribes
of the city.[765] After the battle of Cannae the Romans armed 8000 slaves
whom they enfranchised.[766] AEmilius Paulus sold 15,000 Epirotes. Marius
made 90,000 Teutons captives at Aquae Sextiae and 60,000 Cimbrians at
Vercellae. When Marius offered liberty to slaves only three followed
him.[767] Sulla promised liberty to the slaves of the proscribed, if
they would bear testimony against their masters. One did so. Sulla freed
him, but then put him to death. Thus the slaves were the sport of
political factions and leaders. The Roman conquests caused everywhere a
certain servile temper. All conquered people were depressed into
quasi-slavery. All had to pay a head tax, which was a mark of servitude.
The Roman system reduced all to servitude. A late emperor called the
senators "slaves in the toga." When all were rendered _nil_ under the
emperor the slaves gained. They were not in worse case than the
rest.[768] During the conquests entire