, 1886, Part I, 232.

[338] _Bur. Eth._, XVIII, Part I, 232.

[339] _Smithson. Rep._, 1887, Part I, 647.

[340] Powers, 21.

[341] Schurz, 25.

[342] Jolly, _Recht und Sitte_, 96.

[343] JASB, II, 214.

[344] Ridgeway, 21.

[345] Vissering, _Chinese Currency_.

[346] Ridgeway, 156.

[347] Puini, _Le Origine della Civilta_, 64; _Century Dict._,
s.v. "Knife-money."

[348] Vissering, _Chinese Currency_, 38.

[349] _U. S. Nat. Mus._, 1893, 723.

[350] _First Journey_ (Germ.), 61.

[351] _Globus_, LXXVI, 372.

[352] Exod. xxii. 16; xxi. 36.

[353] Deut. xiv. 24.

[354] Levit. xxvii. 13, 15, 19.

[355] Buhl, _Soc. Verhaelt. der Isr._, 95.

[356] Ridgeway, _Origin of Currency and Weight Standards_, 36.

[357] Ridgeway, 3.

[358] Schurz, 15.

[359] Babelon, _Origines de la Monnaie_, 72.

[360] Schrader, _Prehist. Antiq. of Aryans_, 153; Ridgeway, 31.

[361] Weinhold, _D. F._, II, 52.

[362] Geijer, _Sveriges Historie_, I, 327; Sophus Mueller, _Vor
Oldtid_, 409.

[363] See Chapter VI.

[364] Sophokles, _Antigone_, 292 (Campbell's trans.).

[365] JAI, XXVI, 405.

CHAPTER IV

LABOR, WEALTH

Introduction.--Notions of labor.--Classical and mediaeval
notions.--Labor has always existed.--Modern view of labor.--
Movable capital in modern society; conditions of equality;
present temporary status of the demand for men.--Effect of the
facility of winning wealth.--Chances of acquiring wealth in
modern times; effect on modern mores; speculation involved in any
change.--Mores conform to changes in life conditions; great
principles; their value and fate.--The French revolution.--
Ruling classes; special privileges; corruption of the mores.--
The standard of living.

+157.+ The topics treated in Chapter III--tools, language, and
money--belong almost entirely in the folkways. The element of esteem for
tools is sometimes very great. They are made divine and receive worship.
Nevertheless, there is little reflection stimulated to produce a sense
of their importance to welfare. Therefore the moral element pertaining
to the mores is not prominent in them. When the moral element exists at
all in regard to tools, language, or money, it is independent and rises
to the conception of prosperity, its sense and conditions. Ther