e tail may have the tail set high by cutting the cords on its
lower surface, or it may be prevented from getting over the reins by
having a strap carried from its free end to the breeching. Those proving
troublesome when "in heat" may have 4-dram doses of bromid of potassium,
or they may be served by the male or castrated. Sometimes irritability
may be lessened by daily doses of belladonna extract (1 dram), or a
better tone may be given to the parts by balsam copaiba (1 dram).

DISEASED GROWTHS IN THE BLADDER.

These may be of various kinds, malignant or simple. In the horse I have
found villous growths from the mucous membrane especially troublesome.
They may be attached to the mucous membrane by a narrow neck or by a
broad base covering a great part of the organ.

_Symptoms._--The symptoms are frequent straining, passing of urine and
blood with occasionally gravel. An examination of the bladder with the
hand in the rectum will detect the new growth, which may be
distinguished from a hard, resistant stone. In mares, in which the
finger can be inserted into the bladder, the recognition is still more
satisfactory. The polypi attached by narrow necks may be removed by
surgical operation, but for those with broad attachments treatment is
eminently unsatisfactory.

DISCHARGE OF URINE BY THE NAVEL, OR PERSISTENT URACHUS.

This occurs only in the newborn, and consists in the nonclosure of the
natural channel (urachus), through which the urine is discharged into
the outer water bag (allantois) in fetal life. At that early stage of
the animal existence the bladder resembles a long tube, which is
prolonged through the navel string and opens into the outermost of the
two water bags in which the fetus floats. In this way the urine is
prevented from entering the inner water bag (amnion), where it would
mingle with the liquids, bathing the skin of the fetus and cause
irritation. At birth this channel closes up, and the urine takes the
course normal to extra-uterine life. Imperfect closure is more frequent
in males than in females, because of the great length and small caliber
of the male urethra and its consequent tendency to obstruction. In the
female there may be a discharge of a few drops only at a time, while in
the male the urine will be expelled in strong jets coincidently with the
contractions of the bladder and walls of the abdomen.

The first care is to ascertain whether the urethra is pervious by
passing a human