come the seat of fibrous, calcareous, fatty,
cartilaginous, or cystic degeneration, for all which the appropriate
treatment is castration. They also become the seat of cancer, glanders,
or tuberculosis, and castration is requisite, though with less hope of
arresting the disease. Finally, they may become infested with cystic
tapeworms or the agamic stage of a strongyle (_Strongylus edentatus_).

WARTS ON THE PENIS.

These are best removed by twisting them off, using the thumb and
forefinger. They may also be cut off with scissors and the roots
cauterized with nitrate of silver.

DEGENERATION OF PENIS (PAPILLOMA, OR EPITHELIOMA).

The penis of the horse is subject to great cauliflower-like growths on
its free end, which extend back into the substance of the organ,
obstruct the passage of urine, and cause very fetid discharges. The only
resort is to cut them off, together with whatever portion of the penis
has become diseased and indurated. The operation, which should be
performed by a veterinary surgeon, consists in cutting through the organ
from its upper to its lower aspect, twisting or tying the two dorsal
arteries, and leaving the urethra longer by half an inch to 1 inch than
the adjacent structures.

EXTRAVASATION OF BLOOD IN THE PENIS.

As the result of kicks, blows, or of forcible striking of the penis on
the thighs of the mare which it has failed to enter, the penis may
become the seat of effusion of blood from one or more ruptured blood
vessels. This gives rise to a more or less extensive swelling on one or
more sides, followed by some heat and inflammation, and on recovery a
serious curving of the organ. The treatment in the early stages may be
the application of lotions, of alum, or other astringents, to limit the
effusion and favor absorption. The penis should be suspended in a sling.

PARALYSIS OF THE PENIS.

This results from blows and other injuries, and also in some cases from
too frequent and exhausting service. The penis hangs from the sheath,
flaccid, pendulous, and often cold. The passage of urine occurs with
lessened force, and especially without the final jets. In cases of local
injury the inflammation should first be subdued by astringent and
emollient lotions, and in all cases the system should be invigorated by
nourishing diet, while 30-grain doses of nux vomica are given twice a
day. Finally, a weak current of electricity sent through the penis from
just beneath the anus to the f