y were significantly termed--invaded political and even
social life. In the second place, there was growing jealousy between
northern towns and southern towns, northern families and southern
families. These entered into disputes over the location of the capital
and the custom-house, in the Franciscan question also (because the
friars came some from a northern and some from a southern college), and
in the question of the distribution of commands in the army and offices
in the civil government. Then there was the mission question; this
became acuter about 1833 when the friars began to destroy, or sell and
realize on, the mission property. The next decade was one of plunder and
ruin in mission history. Finally there was a real growth of
republicanism, and some rulers--notably Victoria--were wholly out of
sympathy with anything but personal, military rule. From all these
causes sprang much unrest and considerable agitation.

In 1828-1829 there was a revolution of unpaid soldiers aided by natives,
against alleged but not serious abuses, that really aimed at the
establishment of an independent native government. In 1831 Governor
Victoria was deposed; in 1836 Governor Mariano Chico was frightened out
of the province; in 1836 Governor Nicolas Gutierrez and in 1844-1845
Governor Manuel Micheltorena were driven out of office. The leading
natives headed this last rising. There was talk of independence, but
sectional and personal jealousies could not be overcome. In all these
wars there was not enough blood shed to discolour a sword. The rising of
1836 against Gutierrez seems to-day most interesting, for it was in part
a protest against the growth of federalism in Mexico. California was
even deferred to as (declared to be seems much too strong a statement)
an Estado Libre y Soberano; and from 1836 to 1838, when the
revolutionary governor, Juan B. Alvarado, was recognized by the Mexican
government, which had again inclined to federalism and, besides, did not
take the matter very seriously, the local government rested simply on
local sentiment. The satisfaction of this ended all difficulties.

American immigration.

American and European intriques.

By this time foreign influence was showing itself of importance. Foreign
commerce, which of course was contraband, being contrary to all Spanish
laws, was active by the beginning of the 19th century. It was greatly
stimulated during the Spanish-American revolutions (the Lima and