university grounds. To realize the ideal of the university
as the head of the educational system of the state, a system of
inspection of high schools has been developed, whereby schools reaching
the prescribed standard are entitled to recommend their graduates for
admission to the university without examination. It was anticipated at
one time that the foundation of the Leland Stanford Junior University at
Palo Alto would injure the state institution at Berkeley; but in
practice this was not found to be the case; on the contrary, the
competition resulted in giving new vigour and enterprise to the older
university. Joseph Le Conte (professor from 1872 to 1901) and Daniel C.
Oilman (president in 1872-1875) deserve mention among those formerly
connected with the university. In 1899 Benjamin Ide Wheeler (b. 1854)
became president. He had been a graduate (1875) of Brown University, and
was professor first of comparative philology and then of Greek at
Cornell University; his chief publications are _Der griechische
Nominalaccent_ (1885); _Analogy, and the Scope of its Application in
Language_ (1887); _Principles of Language Growth_ (1891); _The
Organization of Higher Education in the United States_ (1897); _Dionysos
and Immortality_ (1899); and _Life of Alexander the Great_ (1900).

CALIPASH and CALIPEE (possibly connected with _carapace_, the upper
shell of a turtle), the gelatinous substances in the upper and lower
shells, respectively, of the turtle, the calipash being of a dull
greenish and the calipee of a light yellow colour.

CALIPH, CALIF, or KHALIF (Arab, _khalifa_; the lengthening of the a is
strictly incorrect), literally "successor," "representative," a title
borne originally by Abu Bekr, who, on the death of Mahomet, became the
civil and religious head of the Mahommedan state. In the same sense the
term is used in the Koran of both Adam and David as the vicegerents of
God. Abu Bekr and his three (or four) immediate successors are known as
the "perfect" caliphs; after them the title was borne by the thirteen
Omayyad caliphs of Damascus, and subsequently by the thirty-seven
Abbasid caliphs of Bagdad whose dynasty fell before the Turks in 1258.
By some rigid Moslems these rulers were regarded as only amirs, not
caliphs. There were titular caliphs of Abbasid descent in Egypt from
that date till 1517 when the last caliph was captured by Selim I. On the
fall of the Omayyad dynasty at Damascus, the title was