ainst them with as much
unanimity as Virginia. But there is a still more conclusive proof. The
year 1824 was the commencement of the era of high tariffs, and yet, from
1790 to 1820, as proved by the Census, the percentage of increase of New
York over Virginia was greater than from 1820 to 1860. Thus, by Table 1
of the Census, p. 124, the increase of population in Virginia was as
follows:

From 1790 to 1800 17.63 per cent.
" 1800 " 1810 10.73 "
" 1810 " 1820 9.31 "
" 1820 " 1830 13.71 "
" 1830 " 1840 2.34 "
" 1840 " 1850 14.60 "
" 1850 " 1860 12.29 "

The increase of population in New York was:

From 1790 to 1800 72.51 per cent.
" 1800 " 1810 63.45 "
" 1810 " 1820 43.14 "
" 1820 " 1830 39.76 "
" 1830 " 1840 26.60 "
" 1840 " 1850 27.52 "
" 1850 " 1860 25.29 "

In 1790 the population of Virginia was 748,318, in 1820, 1,065,129, and
in 1860, 1,596,318. In 1790 the population of New York was 340,120, in
1820, 1,372,111, and in 1860, 3,880,735. Thus, from 1790 to 1820, before
the inauguration of the protective policy, the relative increase of the
population of New York, as compared with Virginia, was very far greater
than from 1820 to 1860. It is quite clear, then, that the Tariff had no
influence whatever in depressing the progress of Virginia as compared
with New York.

We have heretofore proved by the Census the same position as regards the
relative progress of Maryland and Massachusetts, and the same principle
applies as between all the Free, as compared with all the Slave States.
In New York, we have seen that from 1790 to 1820, in the absence of high
tariffs, and even before the completion of her great canal, her advance
in population was much more rapid than from 1820 to 1860. Indeed, it is
quite clear that, so far as the Tariff had any influence, it was far
more unfavorable to New York than to Virginia, New York being a much
greater agricultural as well as commercial State.

Having shown how much the material progress of Virginia has been
retarded by slavery, let us now consider its effect upon her moral and
intellectual development.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.--The number of newspapers and
periodicals in New York in 1860 was 542, of which 365 were political, 56
religious, 63 literary, 58 miscellaneous; and the number of copies
circulated in 1860 was 320,930,884. (Censu