irginia,
$430,701,082 in 1850, and $793,249,681 in 1860, showing an increase of
$362,548,599, or 84.17 per cent.

By Table 36, p. 196, Census of 1860, the _cash_ value of the farms of
Virginia was $371,092,211, being $11.91 per acre; and of Pennsylvania,
$662,050,707, being $38.91 per acre. Now, by this table, the number of
acres embraced in these farms of Pennsylvania was 17,012,153 acres, and
in Virginia, 31,014,950; the difference of value per acre being $27, or
largely more than three to one in favor of Pennsylvania. Now, if we
multiply the farm lands of Virginia by the Pennsylvania value per acre,
it would make the total value of the farm lands of Virginia
$1,204,791,804; and the _additional_ value, caused by emancipation,
$835,699,593. But the whole area of Virginia is 39,265,280 acres,
deducting from which the farm lands, there remain unoccupied 8,250,330
acres. Now, if (as would be in the absence of slavery) the population
per square mile of Virginia equalled that of Pennsylvania, three fifths
of these lands would have been occupied as farms, viz. 4,950,198, which,
at the Pennsylvania value per acre, would have been worth $188,207,524.
Deduct from this their present average value of $2 per acre, $9,800,396,
and the remainder, $178,407,128, is the sum by which the unoccupied
lands of Virginia, converted into farms, would have been increased in
value by emancipation. Add this to the enhanced value of their present
farms, and the result is $1,014,106,721 as the gain, on this basis, of
Virginia in the value of her lands, by emancipation. To these we should
add the increased value of town and city lots and improvements, and of
personal property, and, with emancipation, Virginia would now have an
augmented wealth of at least one billion and a half of dollars.

The earnings of commerce are not given in the Census Tables, which would
vastly increase the difference in the value of their annual products in
favor of Pennsylvania as compared with Virginia. These earnings include
all not embraced under the heads of agriculture, manufactures, the
mines, and fisheries. Let us examine some of these statistics.

RAILROADS.--The number of miles of railroad in operation in
Pennsylvania in 1860, including city roads, was 2,690.49 miles,[4]
costing $147,283,410; and in Virginia, 1,771 miles, costing $64,958,807.
(Census Table of 1860, No. 38, pp. 230, 232.) The annual value of the
freight carried on these roads is estimated at $20