een deprived of the power of speech, seemingly through loss of memory
of words. In 1861 this patient died, and an autopsy revealed that a
certain convolution of the left frontal lobe of his cerebrum had been
totally destroyed by disease, the remainder of his brain being intact.
Broca felt that this observation pointed strongly to a localization
of the memory of words in a definite area of the brain. Moreover, it
transpired that the case was not without precedent. As long ago as
1825 Dr. Boillard had been led, through pathological studies, to locate
definitely a centre for the articulation of words in the frontal lobe,
and here and there other observers had made tentatives in the same
direction. Boillard had even followed the matter up with pertinacity,
but the world was not ready to listen to him. Now, however, in the
half-decade that followed Broca's announcements, interest rose to
fever-beat, and through the efforts of Broca, Boillard, and numerous
others it was proved that a veritable centre having a strange
domination over the memory of articulate words has its seat in the third
convolution of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, usually in the
left hemisphere. That part of the brain has since been known to the
English-speaking world as the convolution of Broca, a name which,
strangely enough, the discoverer's compatriots have been slow to accept.

This discovery very naturally reopened the entire subject of brain
localization. It was but a short step to the inference that there must
be other definite centres worth the seeking, and various observers set
about searching for them. In 1867 a clew was gained by Eckhard, who,
repeating a forgotten experiment by Haller and Zinn of the previous
century, removed portions of the brain cortex of animals, with the
result of producing convulsions. But the really vital departure was
made in 1870 by the German investigators Fritsch and Hitzig, who, by
stimulating definite areas of the cortex of animals with a galvanic
current, produced contraction of definite sets of muscles of the
opposite side of the body. These most important experiments, received at
first with incredulity, were repeated and extended in 1873 by Dr. David
Ferrier, of London, and soon afterwards by a small army of independent
workers everywhere, prominent among whom were Franck and Pitres in
France, Munck and Goltz in Germany, and Horsley and Schafer in England.
The detailed results, naturally enough, were not at fi