eserved entire.

"All the kinds of muscular motion may be unduly excited, but the reflex
function is peculiar in being excitable in two modes of action, not
previously subsisting in the animal economy, as in the case of sneezing,
coughing, vomiting, etc. The reflex function also admits of being
permanently diminished or augmented and of taking on some other morbid
forms, of which I shall treat hereafter.

"Before I proceed to the details of the experiments upon which this
disposition rests, it may be well to point out several instances in
illustration of the various sources of and the modes of muscular action
which have been enumerated. None can be more familiar than the act of
swallowing. Yet how complicated is the act! The apprehension of the food
by the teeth and tongue, etc., is voluntary, and cannot, therefore, take
place in an animal from which the cerebrum is removed. The transition of
food over the glottis and along the middle and lower part of the pharynx
depends upon the reflex action: it can take place in animals from which
the cerebrum has been removed or the ninth pair of nerves divided; but
it requires the connection with the medulla oblongata to be preserved
entirely; and the actual contact of some substance which may act as a
stimulus: it is attended by the accurate closure of the glottis and by
the contraction of the pharynx. The completion of the act of deglutition
is dependent upon the stimulus immediately impressed upon the muscular
fibre of the oesophagus, and is the result of excited irritability.

"However plain these observations may have made the fact that there is
a function of the nervous muscular system distinct from sensation, from
the voluntary and respiratory motions, and from irritability, it is
right, in every such inquiry as the present, that the statements and
reasonings should be made with the experiment, as it were, actually
before us. It has already been remarked that the voluntary and
respiratory motions are spontaneous, not necessarily requiring the
agency of a stimulus. If, then, an animal can be placed in such
circumstances that such motions will certainly not take place, the power
of moving remaining, it may be concluded that volition and the motive
influence of respiration are annihilated. Now this is effected by
removing the cerebrum and the medulla oblongata. These facts are fully
proved by the experiments of Legallois and M. Flourens, and by several
which I proceed to det