reputed to be clerical. Thus did Count Cavour and the Piedmontese
government use the Mazzinian faction for the furtherance of their own
ambitious ends, whilst the Mazzinians believed that they were using them
as they intended to use them, and their king and all kings, as long as
there should be kings, for their subversive purposes, in the first
instance, and for the establishment, finally, of their Utopian republic on
the ruins of all thrones and regular governments whatsoever. As will be
seen, most recent history shows the first act of the drama has been
played, apparently to the profit of a king. Time will prove to whom, in
the end, victory shall belong. One institution at least will remain, for
no power, not even that of hell, can prevail against it. As in the early
days, when society had fallen to a state of chaos, and orderly government
had become impossible, it may, once more, raise the standard of order and
reconstitute the broken and scattered elements.

(M53) Rome and the Catholic world were yet rejoicing on occasion of the
happy restoration of Pius IX. to his states, and pilgrims still flocked
from every region of the universe to the holy city, when two remarkable
events came to add new glory to the flourishing church of America.
Hitherto America could reverence and invoke only one native saint. On 16th
July, 1850, took place the beatification of the venerable Peter Claver, of
the Society of Jesus, the apostle of New Granada; and in October, Mariana
de Paredes, of Flores, "the lily of Quito," was beatified. The latter was
first cousin and contemporary of Saint Rose of Lima. This circumstance
vividly awakens the idea, that already saints, although there were few as
yet who could claim the honors of canonization, were not uncommon in
America. Whatever may have been the measure and excellence of her
children's sanctity, the church was rapidly extending. So great was her
growth that, in the year 1850, Pius IX. considered it opportune to erect
four metropolitan sees in the United States--New York, Cincinnati, St.
Louis and New Orleans. Baltimore, the primatial see, was already
metropolitan.

(M54) The Holy Father showed no less solicitude for the welfare of the
church in France, Spain, and other European countries. Napoleon III.,
anxious to gain the good-will of Catholic France, prayed the Holy See to
erect a new diocese at Laval, to raise the see of Rennes to metropolitan
dignity, to reorganize the grand chaplainc