_Esti_.
Old Slavonic _Yesmy_ _Yesi_ _Yesty_.
Moeso-Gothic _Im_ _Is_ _Ist_.
Old Saxon -- [63]_Is_ _Ist_.
Anglo-Saxon _Eom_ _Eart_ _Is_.
Icelandic _Em_ _Ert_ _Er_.
English _Am_ _Art_ _Is_.

s. 343. _Worth_.--In the following lines of Scott, the word _worth_ = _is_,
and is a fragment of the regular Anglo-Saxon verb _weordhan_ = _to be_, or
_to become_; German _werden_.

Woe _worth_ the chase, woe _worth_ the day,
That cost thy life, my gallant grey.--_Lady of the Lake._

* * * * *

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

s. 344. The present participle, called also the active participle and the
participle in -ing, is formed from the original word by adding -ing; as,
_move_, _moving_. In the older languages the termination was more marked,
being -nd. Like the Latin participle in -ns, it was originally declined.
The Moeso-Gothic and Old High German forms are _habands_ and
_hap[^e]nt['e]r_ = _having_, respectively. The -s in the one language, and
the -[^e]r in the other, are the signs of the case and gender. In the Old
Saxon and Anglo-Saxon the forms are -and and -ande; as _bindand_,
_bindande_ = _binding_. In all the Norse languages, ancient and modern, the
-d is preserved. So it is in the Old Lowland Scotch, and in many of the
modern provincial dialects of England, where _strikand_, _goand_, is said
for _striking_, _going_. In Staffordshire, where the -ing is pronounced
-ingg, there is a fuller sound than that of the current English. In Old
English the form in -nd is predominant, in Middle English the use
fluctuates, and in New English the termination -ing is universal. In the
Scotch of the modern writers we find the form -in.

The rising sun o'er Galston muirs
Wi' glorious light was glintin';
The hares were hirplin' down the furs,
The lav'rocks they were chantin'.--BURNS' _Holy Fair_.

s. 345. It has often been remarked that the participle is used in many
languages as a substantive. This is true in Greek,

[Greek: Ho prasson] = _the actor_, when a male.
[Greek: He prassousa] = _the actor_, when a female.
[Greek: To prattou] = _the active principle of a thing_.

But it is also stated, that, in the English language, the participle is
used as a substantive in a greater degree than elsewhere, and that it i