N OF VEGETABLES. 162

Of organised Bodies. --Of the Functions of Vegetables. --Of the
Elements of Vegetables. --Of the Materials of Vegetables. --Analysis
of Vegetables. --Of Sap. --Mucilage, or Gum. --Sugar. --Manna, and
Honey. --Gluten. --Vegetable Oils. --Fixed Oils, Linseed, Nut, and
Olive Oils. --Volatile Oils, forming Essences and Perfumes.
--Camphor. --Resins and Varnishes. --Pitch, Tar, Copal, Mastic, &c.
--Gum Resins. --Myrrh, Assafoetida, &c. --Caoutchouc, or Gum Elastic.
--Extractive colouring Matter; its Use in the Arts of Dyeing and
Painting. --Tannin; its Use in the Art of preparing Leather. --Woody
Fibre. --Vegetable Acids. --The Alkalies and Salts contained in
Vegetables.

CONVERSATION XXI.

ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF VEGETABLES. 202

Of Fermentation in general. --Of the Saccharine Fermentation, the
Product of which is Sugar. --Of the Vinous Fermentation, the Product
of which is Wine. --Alcohol, or Spirit of Wine. --Analysis of Wine
by Distillation. --Of Brandy, Rum, Arrack, Gin, &c. --Tartrit of
Potash, or Cream of Tartar. --Liqueurs. --Chemical Properties of
Alcohol. --Its Combustion. --Of Ether. --Of the Acetous
Fermentation, the Product of which is Vinegar. --Fermentation of
Bread. --Of the Putrid Fermentation, which reduces Vegetables to
their Elements. --Spontaneous Succession of these Fermentations.
--Of Vegetables said to be petrified. --Of Bitumens: Naphtha,
Asphaltum, Jet, Coal, Succin, or Yellow Amber. --Of Fossil Wood,
Peat, and Turf.

CONVERSATION XXII.

HISTORY OF VEGETATION. 243

Connexion between the Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms. --Of Manures.
--Of Agriculture. --Inexhaustible Sources of Materials for the
Purposes of Agriculture. --Of sowing Seed. --Germination of the
Seed. --Function of the Leaves of Plants. --Effects of Light and Air
on Vegetation. --Effects of Water on Vegetation. --Effects of
Vegetation on the Atmosphere. --Formation of Vegetable Materials by
the Organs of Plants. --Vegetable Heat. --Of the Organs of Plants.
--Of the Bark, consisting of Epidermis, Parenchyma, and Cortical
Layers. --Of Alburnum, or Wood. --Leaves, Flowers, and Seeds.
--Effects of the Season on Vegetation. --Vegetation of Evergreens in
Winter.

CONVERSATION XXIII.

ON THE COMPOSITION OF ANIMALS. 276

Elements of Animals. --Of the principal Materials of Anim