ishment; while in grace, purity, serenity, loftiness he
was the Florentine leader easily first.

[Illustration: FIG. 42.--GIULIO ROMANO. APOLLO AND MUSES. PITTI.]

The influence of Raphael's example was largely felt throughout Central
Italy, and even at the north, resulting in many imitators and
followers, who tried to produce Raphaelesque effects. Their efforts
were usually successful in precipitating charm into sweetness and
sentiment into sentimentality. Francesco Penni (1488?-1528) seems to
have been content to work under Raphael with some ability. Giulio
Romano (1492-1546) was the strongest of the pupils, and became the
founder and leader of the Roman school, which had considerable
influence upon the painters of the Decadence. He adopted the classic
subject and tried to adopt Raphael's style, but he was not completely
successful. Raphael's refinement in Giulio's hands became exaggerated
coarseness. He was a good draughtsman, but rather hot as a colorist,
and a composer of violent, restless, and, at times, contorted groups.
He was a prolific painter, but his work tended toward the baroque
style, and had a bad influence on the succeeding schools.

Primaticcio (1504-1570) was one of his followers, and had much to do
with the founding of the school of Fontainebleau in France. Giovanni
da Udine (1487-1564), a Venetian trained painter, became a follower of
Raphael, his only originality showing in decorative designs. Perino
del Vaga (1500-1547) was of the same cast of mind. Andrea Sabbatini
(1480?-1545) carried Raphael's types and methods to the south of
Italy, and some artists at Bologna, and in Umbria, like Innocenza da
Imola (1494-1550?), and Timoteo di Viti (1467-1523), adopted the
Raphael type and method to the detriment of what native talent they
may have possessed, though about Timoteo there is some doubt whether
he adopted Raphael's type, or Raphael his type.

PRINCIPAL WORKS: FLORENTINES--Fra Bartolommeo, Descent from
the Cross Salvator Mundi St. Mark Pitti, Madonnas and
Prophets Uffizi, other pictures Florence Acad., Louvre,
Vienna Gal.; Albertinelli, Visitation Uffizi, Christ
Magdalene Madonna Louvre, Trinity Madonna Florence Acad.,
Annunciation Munich Gal.; Fra Paolino, works at San Spirito
Sienna, S. Domenico and S. Paolo Pistoia, Madonna Florence
Acad.; Bugiardini, Madonna Uffizi, St. Catherine S. M.
Novella Florence, Nativity Berlin, St. Catherine Bologna