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rous periods and ceased with the Permian. When again the volcanic forces became active, it was in the early Tertiary era; the evidences for this lie outside the English border. The principal directions of crust movement in England are: (1) north and south, by which the Pennine folds and faults, and the Malvern Hills have been produced; (2) east and west, by which the folds of the Weald and the Mendip Hills, and those of Devonshire have been formed. Another less important direction is N.W. and S.E., as in the Charnwood folding. Further details of the geology are given under the heads of the counties. (J. A. H.) IV. CLIMATE Climate. _Temperature._--The mean annual temperature of the whole of England and Wales (reduced to sea-level) is about 50 deg. F., varying from something over 52 deg. in the Scilly Isles to something under 48 deg. at the mouth of the Tweed. The mean annual temperature diminishes very regularly from south-west to north-east, the west coast being warmer than the east, so that the mean temperature at the mouth of the Mersey is as high as that at the mouth of the Thames. During the coldest month of the year (January) the mean temperature of all England is about 40 deg.. The influence of the western ocean is very strongly marked, the temperature falling steadily from west to east. Thus while the temperature in the west of Cornwall is 44 deg., the temperature on the east coast from north of the Humber to the Thames is under 38 deg., the coldest winters being experienced in the Fenland. In the hottest month (July) the mean temperature of England and Wales is about 61.5 deg., and the westerly wind then exercises a cooling effect, the greatest heat being found in the Thames basin immediately around London, where the mean temperature of the month exceeds 64 deg.; the mean temperature along the south coast is 62 deg., and that at the mouth of the Tweed a little under 59 deg.. In the centre of the country along a line drawn from London to Carlisle the mean temperature in July is found to diminish gradually at an average rate of 1 deg. per 60 m. The coasts are cooler than the centre of the country, but the west coast is much cooler than the east, modified continental conditions prevailing over the North Sea. The natural effect of the heating of the air in summer and the cooling of the air in winter by contact with the land
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