ess certain are Preston-on-Humber and Manchester
(_Manchguid_).

In modern place-names the suffix _don_ often goes back to the Celtic
_dun_, a hill, e.g. Bredon, Everdon, but the suffix was still a living
one in Saxon times. Of river-names the vast majority are Celtic
(possible exceptions will be named later), and the same is true of
mountains and hills. The forests of Wyre, Elmet and Sel (wood), and
the districts of the Wrekin and the Peak are probably Celtic.

_Roman._--We do not owe entire place-names to Roman influence, with
the exception of a few such as Chester, Chester-le-Street (L. _strata_
[_via_], a road) and Caistor, but Roman influence is to be found in
many names compounded of Celtic and Roman elements. The chief of these
is the element _chester_--(L. _castrum_, a fort), e.g. Ebchester,
Silchester, Grantchester. Porchester is entirely Latin, but may not
have been formed till Saxon times. The form _caster_ is found in the
north and east, under Scandinavian influence, e.g. Tadcaster,
Lancaster; and in the south-west and in the midlands we have a group
of towns with the form _cester_:--Bicester, Gloucester, Cirencester,
Worcester, Alcester, Leicester, Towcester. Exeter, Wroxeter and
perhaps Uttoxeter show the suffix in slightly different form. In names
like Chesterton, Chesterford, Chesterholm, Woodchester, the second
element shows that the names are of later English or Scandinavian
formation. In Lincoln we have a compound of the Celtic _Lindum_ and
the Latin _colonia_.

_Saxon._--The chief suffixes of Saxon origin to be found in English
place-names are as follows (some of them being also used
independently): _-burgh_, _-borough_, _-bury_ (O.E. _burh_, fortified
town), e.g. Burgh, Bamborough, Aylesbury, Bury; _-bourne_, _-borne_,
_-burn_ (O.E. _burne_, _-a_, a stream), e.g. Ashbourne, Sherborne,
Sockburn; _-bridge_, e.g. Weybridge, Bridge; _-church_, e.g.
Pucklechurch; _-den_, _-dean_ (O.E. _denu_, a valley), e.g. Gaddesden,
Rottingdean; _-down_, _-don_, _-ton_ (O.E. _dun_ [Celtic], a hill),
e.g. Huntingdon, Seckington, Edington; _-ey_, _-ea_, _-y_ (O.E. _ig_,
an island), e.g. Thorney, Mersea, Ely; _-fleet_ (O.E. _fleot_, an
estuary) e.g. Benfleet; _-field_, e.g. Lichfield; _-ford_, e.g.
Bradford; _-ham_ (O.E. _ham_, a home, and _hamm_, an enclosure); these
are not distinguished in modern English, e.g. Bosham, Ham; _-hall_
(O.E. _heal