rcentage of
increase by births and decrease by deaths in each decade from 1851,
and (2) the difference at the close of each decade (i.e. in the later
year mentioned in each line) between the population which would have
followed upon the natural increase unaffected by migration and the
population as actually enumerated. In the case of (2) the actual
population has always been exceeded by the estimate based on natural
increase, and this demonstrates an excess of emigration over
immigration.

The proportion of males to females is 1000 to 1068, this being a
higher proportion of females than any recorded in the 19th century,
during which the lowest proportion of females was 1036 in 1821. The
proportion rose at each census from 1851. But on the other hand 1000
male children were born against only 965 female, on an average in
1891-1901. This excess of male births, which is usual, has been
ascertained to find its equilibrium, through a higher rate of infant
mortality among the males, about the tenth year of life, and is
finally changed by perilous male occupations and other causes,
including the stronger tendency of males to emigration. The proportion
of females varies much in different localities, being highest in such
districts as London and the home counties, which are residential, and
in which, therefore, many domestic servants are enumerated; and
Somersetshire, Bedfordshire and other seats of industries which
especially occupy women (e.g. the straw-plaiting of the county last
named). It is lowest, naturally, in the mining districts, as
Glamorgan, Monmouth, Durham, Northumberland; but an exception may be
noted in the case of Cornwall, where a high proportion of females is
attributed to the emigration of miners consequent upon the relative
decrease in importance of the tin-mines. In 1901 the proportion of
females to males in urban districts was 1086 to 1000, and in rural
districts 1011 to 1000.

_Urban Districts of England and Wales with Population exceeding
80,000_ (1901).

+---------------------+-----------------------+------------+
| | Population. | Increase |
| +-----------+-----------+ per cent. |
| | 1891. | 1901. | |
+---------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+
| London * | 4,228,317 | 4,536,541 | 7.3