te von Venedig_ (vol. i.,
Gotha, 1905, to 1205). For France, there are the works by Achille
Luchaire, _Les Communes francaises a l'epoque des Capetiens directs_
(Paris, 1890), and Paul Viollet, "Les Communes francaises au moyen
age," _Memoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres_,
tome xxxvi. (Paris, 1900). There are, of course, also accounts in the
great works on French institutions by Flach, Glasson, Viollet,
Luchaire, but perhaps the one in Luchaire's _Manuel des institutions
francaises, periode des Capetiens directs_ (Paris, 1892) deserves
special recommendation. Another valuable account for France north of
the Loire is that contained in the great work by Karl Hegel, _Stadte
und Gilden der germanischen Volker im Mittelaller_ (2 vols., Leipzig,
1891; see _English Historical Review_, viii. 120-127). Of course,
there are also numerous monographs, among which the following may be
mentioned: Edouard Bonvalot, _Le Tiers Etat d'apres la charte de
Beaumont et ses filiales_ (Paris, 1884); and A. Giry, _Les
Etablissements de Rouen_ (2 vols., Paris, 1883-1885); also a
collection of documents by Gustave Fagniez, _Documents relatifs a
l'histoire de l'industrie et du commerce en France_ (2 vols., Paris,
1898, 1900). Some valuable works on the commercial history of southern
Europe should still be mentioned, such as W. Heyd, _Geschichte des
Levantehandels im Mittelalter_ (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1879; French
edition by Furcy Raynaud, 2 vols., Paris, 1885 seq., improved by the
author), recognized as a standard work; Adolf Schaube,
_Handelsgeschichte der romanischen Volker des Mittelmeergebietes bis
zum Ende der Kreuzzuge_ (Munich and Berlin, 1906); Aloys Schulte,
_Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Handels und Verkehrs zwischen
Westdeutschland und Italien mit Ausschluss Venedigs_ (2 vols.,
Leipzig, 1900); L. Goldschmidt, _Universalgesdiichte des
Handelsrechts_ (vol. i., Stuttgart, 1891). As for the Scandinavian
towns, the best guide is perhaps the book by K. Hegel, _Stadte und
Gilden der germanischen Volker_, already mentioned; but see also
Dietrich Schafer, "Der Stand der Geschichtswissenschaft im
skandinavischen Norden," _Internationale Wochenschrift_, November 16,
1907. (F. K.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] As to the former, see S. Rietschel, _Die Civitas auf deutschem
Boden bis zum Ausgange der Karolingerzeit_ (Leipzig, 1894); and, for
the newly fou