e and the general powers incident thereto. This
certificate is the charter of the corporation. The power to make bylaws
is usually vested in the stockholders, but it may be conferred by the
certificate on the directors. Stockholders remain liable until their
subscriptions are fully paid. Nothing but money is considered payment of
capital stock except where property is purchased. Directors must usually
be stockholders.

The right of a state to forfeit a corporation's charter for misuser or
non-user of its franchises is an implied term of the grant of
incorporation. Corporations are liable for every wrong they commit, and
in such cases cannot set up by way of protection the doctrine of _ultra
vires_.

See for authorities _Commentaries on the Law of Private Corporations_,
by Seymour D. Thompson, LL.D., 6 vols.; Beach on _Corporations_, and
the _American Encyclopaedia of Law_. (E. MA.)

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, a term employed to designate the study of the
structure of man as compared with that of lower animals, and sometimes
the study of lower animals in contra-distinction to human anatomy; the
term is now falling into desuetude, and lingers practically only in the
titles of books or in the designation of university chairs. The change
in terminology is chiefly the result of modern conceptions of zoology.
From the point of view of structure, man is one of the animals; all
investigations into anatomical structure must be comparative, and in
this work the subject is so treated throughout. See ANATOMY and ZOOLOGY.

COMPARETTI, DOMENICO (1835- ), Italian scholar, was born at Rome on the
27th of June 1835. He studied at the university of Rome, took his degree
in 1855 in natural science and mathematics, and entered his uncle's
pharmacy as assistant. His scanty leisure was, however, given to study.
He learned Greek by himself, and gained facility in the modern language
by conversing with the Greek students at the university. In spite of all
disadvantages, he not only mastered the language, but became one of the
chief classical scholars of Italy. In 1857 he published, in the
_Rheinisches Museum_, a translation of some recently discovered
fragments of Hypereides, with a dissertation on that orator. This was
followed by a notice of the annalist Granius Licinianus, and one on the
oration of Hypereides on the Lamian War. In 1859 he was appointed
professor of Greek at Pisa on the recommendation of the duke of
Ser