country to treat women employees, in
so far as ability to stand and to stand at all seasons goes, exactly as
if they were men.

The expert testimony collected by the publication secretary of the
National Consumers' League, Miss Josephine Goldmark, for the brief which
obtained the Illinois Ten-Hour Law, gives the clearest possible record of
the outlay of communal strength involved in these long hours of standing
for women.

_Report of "Lancet" Sanitary Commission on Sanitation in the
Shop_. 1892

Without entering upon the vexed question of women's rights, we
may nevertheless urge it as an indisputable physiological fact
that, when compelled to stand for long hours, women, especially
young women, are exposed to greater injury and greater
suffering than men.

_British Sessional Papers_. Vol. XII. 1886. Report from Select
Committee on Shop Hours Regulation Bill

Witness, W. Abbott, M.D.

"Does their employment injuriously affect them, as
child-bearing women in after years?"

"According to all scientific facts, it would do so."

"And you, as a medical man of a considerable number of years'
experience, would not look to girls who have been worked so
many hours in one position as the bearers of healthy, strong
children?"

"I should not."

"Then it naturally follows, does it not, that this is a very
serious matter in the interest of the nation as a whole, apart
from the immediate injury to the person concerned?"

"Yes. As regards the physical condition of the future race."

_British Sessional Papers_. Vol. XII, 1895. Report from the
Select Committee on Shops. Early Closing Bill

Witness, Dr. Percy Kidd, M.D., of the University of Oxford,
Fellow of the College of Physicians and Member of the College
of Surgeons, attached to London Hospital and Brompton,
Hospital.

"Would this be a fair way of putting it: It is not the actual
work of people in shops, but having to be there and standing
about in bad air; it is the long hours which is the injurious
part of it?"

"Quite so; the prolonged tension."

_Official Information from the Reports of the [German] Factory
Inspectors_. Berlin, Bruer, 1898

The inspector in Hesse regards a reduction of working hours to
ten for women in textile mills as "absolutely imperative," as