that it was not so much the quantity of the land allotted as its careful
cultivation that would make it suffice. It is very necessary, however,
that every colony should have common pasturage where all may send their
cattle to graze, as well as woods where they may cut fuel; for without
such conveniences no colony can maintain itself.

CHAPTER VIII.--_Why certain Nations leave their ancestral Seats and
overflow the Countries of others_.

Having spoken above of the methods followed by the Romans in making war,
and related how the Etruscans were attacked by the Gauls, it seems to me
not foreign to these topics to explain that of wars there are two kinds.
One kind of war has its origin in the ambition of princes or republics
who seek to extend their dominions. Such were the wars waged by
Alexander the Great, and by the Romans, and such are those which we see
every day carried on by one potentate against another. Wars of this sort
have their dangers, but do not utterly extirpate the inhabitants of a
country; what the conqueror seeks being merely the submission of the
conquered people, whom, generally speaking, he suffers to retain their
laws, and always their houses and goods.

The other species of war is when an entire people, with all the families
of which it is made up, being driven out by famine or defeat, removes
from its former seat, and goes in search of a new abode and a new
country, not simply with the view to establish dominion over it, but
to possess it as its own, and to expel or exterminate the former
inhabitants. Of this most terrible and cruel species of warfare Sallust
speaks at the end of his history of the war with Jugurtha, where in
mentioning that after the defeat of Jugurtha the movement of the Gauls
into Italy began to be noticed, he observes that "_in the wars of the
Romans with other nations the struggle was for mastery; but that always
in their wars with the Gauls the struggle on both sides was for life_."
For a prince or commonwealth, when attacking another State, will be
content to rid themselves of those only who are at the head of affairs;
but an entire people, set in motion in the manner described, must
destroy all who oppose them, since their object is to subsist on that
whereon those whom they invade have hitherto subsisted.

The Romans had to pass through three of these desperate wars; the first
being that in which their city was actually captured by those Gauls who,
as already mention