ling of the word which was written upon a slate or
placard. The responses by means of approaching a placard were very often
unsuccessful, while indications by means of tapping were scarcely ever
unsuccessful. If it were true that higher intellectual processes[T] were
here involved, then the converse would have been expected, for tapping
required not only the ability to read, but also the ability to count.
If, on the other hand, we assume that the horse simply followed the
directions given by the questioner's movements, this seeming difficulty
resolves itself, for it would be more difficult for Hans to perceive the
signs which he receives while moving than those which he receives while
tapping. When we recall that it was easier to direct the horse to a
placard near the end of a row than one nearer the center (see page 81),
we can readily understand how it was that during the experimentation
carried on by the September-Commission (Supplement III; page 255), Hans
was able to point out immediately the placards on which were written the
names "Castell" and "Stumpf", for they were at the two extreme ends, but
was unsuccessful in locating the one on which was written the name
"Miessner" which was not a bit more difficult to read, but was located
at the fourth place in the row. He first approached the fifth card, then
upon repetition of the test he pointed out the other neighboring tablet,
viz., the third.

[Footnote T: Professor Shaler[24], a well-known American savant,
mentions a three-year old pig belonging to a Virginian farmer, that
was able to read and had some understanding of language. From
numerals which were written upon cards and spread out before it,
this pig could compose dates. It could also select from among
certain cards one upon which was written a given name, asked for by
the master. Supposedly no signs of any kind were given. (Shaler
thought to exclude effectively the sense of smell, which is so
highly developed in the pig, in that he, Shaler, himself smelled at
the cards, since he also "possessed an acute olfactory sense!")
Since we are told that the farmer in question made a business of
supplying trained pigs for exhibition purposes, the case appears
suspicious. We hear of a pig exhibited in London, that was able to
read and spell, and could also tell the time by the watch[25]. We
cannot tell, however, whether the two pigs, which beyond a doubt