her as at Fig. 1 and tested
with a straight edge; they should appear true as shown at Fig. 3; if they
show faulty as at Fig. 4 the joints must be again fitted until the
required degree of accuracy is obtained. Difficulties may be avoided by
care in selecting timber suitable for jointing, and it must be remembered
that timber shrinks circumferentially (the heart side becoming curved) as
dotted lines in Fig. 10. If the timber be jointed with all the heart side
one way as at Fig. 10, the tendency will be for it to cast as shown by
the dotted line. If the timber be alternated as at Fig. 11, the tendency
will be to cast wavy, whereas if quartered timber can be obtained it will
stand practically straight as the tendency to shrink is in thickness
only. The grain of quartered timber is shown in Fig. 12.

[Illustration: Fig. 10.--Showing Heart side of Timber one way.]

[Illustration: Fig. 11.--Heart side of Timber shown alternated.]

[Illustration: Fig. 12.--Grain of Quartered Timber.]

[Illustration: Fig. 13.--Boards showing uniformity of Grain.]

Judgment should also be exercised to avoid jointing in which one piece of
timber is wild and large in the grain, and the adjoining piece of a
mild-grained nature. Jointed boards should always be glued up with the
grain running in the same direction if possible; this we show at Fig. 13,
and nothing looks worse than a dressing chest end or similar piece of
work in which the grain runs haphazard. When jointing thin timber (say,
1/4-in., 3/8-in., 1/2-in. and 5/8-in. boards) the best method is to use a
shooting board (Fig. 26). It must be noted, however, that a shooting
board and plane practically never give a true right angle, owing to wear
and the grinding of the blade. Therefore, the boards _should not_ all be
laid with the "face mark" on the shooting board whilst the edges are
shot, because any inequality would be multiplied by the number of pieces
jointed. A better method is to alternate the boards, face side up, then
face side down, whilst shooting the edges; this will prevent convexity or
concavity on the face of the jointed board, because any slight error in
the angle is neutralised (see Fig. 8).

APPLICATIONS OF THE JOINT.--The following show various applications of
the butt or glued joint:--

[Illustration: Fig. 14.--Carcase Wing-pieces Glued on.]

Fig. 7A shows a mahogany or other hardwood slip glued on the edge of a
cheaper wood, such as pine or whitewood, as is the case