conti.

Toulouse, non-submission of the counts of, to the kings of France, i. 27
and _note_ r;
their fall, 29.
See Raymond VI.

Towns and cities, earliest charters granted to, i. 256;
considerations on the causes of such grants, _ib._ 257;
privileges of incorporated towns, 258;
their relationship towards the crown, 259-261;
independence of maritime towns, 261;
chartered towns of Spain, ii. 6;
their privileges and duties, 7, 8;
cause of their importance, 20;
cities of Germany [see Germany];
cities of Italy [see Florence, Genoa, Milan, Pisa, Venice].

Towns of England, progress of the, iii. 19;
Canterbury, Lincoln, and Stamford, 20 _note_ r;
conversion of individual tributes into borough rents, 21;
incorporation of towns by charter, 22 and _notes_;
curious bond relative to Cambridgeshire, 23 _note_ b;
prosperity of the towns, 24;
early importance and populousness of London, 24, 25 and _notes_;
participation of its citizens in constitutional struggles, 26;
first summoning of towns to parliament, 27.
See Municipal Institutions.

Trade and commerce, mediaeval non-existence of, iii. 313;
barriers to their progress, _ib._ 314;
extent of foreign commerce, 315;
home traffic in slaves 316 and _note_ d;
woollen manufactures and vacillating policy of the English kings
relative thereto, 318-323 and _notes_;
opening of the Baltic trade, 324;
growth of English commerce, 325;
opulence of English merchants, _ib._ 326;
increase of maritime traffic, 326-328;
commercial eminence of the Italian states, 328-330 and _notes_;
invention of the mariners' compass, 332, 333;
compilation of maritime laws, 333;
frequency and irrepressibility of piracy, 334;
practice of reprisals, 335, 336 and _notes_;
liability of aliens for each other's debts, 336;
trade profits and rates of interest, 337;
price of corn and cattle, 368.

Trial by combat, ceremonials attending, i. 242, 243 and _notes_;
abolished by St. Louis, 244.

Trial by jury and its antecedents, ii. 285-288;
early modes of trial, 386-388;
abolition of trial by ordeal, 390;
difference between ancient and modern trial by jury, 392;
original functions of juries, _ib._;
origin of the modern system, 402-404;
character of the early system, 405.

Troubadours (the), and their pro